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Publication Name
World Journal of Nephrology
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2220-6124
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study
©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Nephrol. Sep 25, 2025; 14(3): 107093
Published online Sep 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i3.107093
Table 5 Comparison of kidney echogenicity with World Health Organization staging of Human immunodeficiency virus infection, n (%)
WHO stage of HIV infection
Increased echogenicity (n = 188)
Normal echogenicity (n = 39)
Fischer exact value
Degree of freedom
P value
Stage 114 (7.5)25 (64.1)85.793< 0.001
Stage 254 (28.7)14 (35.9)---
Stage 395 (50.5)----
Stage 425 (13.3)----
WHO: World health organization; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.
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