Clinicopathological characteristics and long-term outcomes of adult patients with proliferative lupus nephritis

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with proliferative lupus nephritis, n (%)

	n = 207
Age at systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis (years), mean ± SD	24.12 ± 8.89
Age at renal biopsy (years), mean ± SD	26.63 ± 8.61
Sex
Male	23 (11.1)
Female	184 (88.9)
Weight (kg), mean ± SD	51.47 ± 11.97
Duration between onset of symptoms and biopsy (months), mean ± SD	12.21 ± 14.58
Hypertension	126 (60.9)
Oliguria at presentation	25 (12.1)
Macroscopic hematuria	3 (1.4)
Edema	44 (64.7)
Constitutional symptoms	204 (98.6)
Sinus/ENT	3 (1.4)
Skin rash/purpura	162 (78.3)
Lung involvement	50 (24.2)
Arthritis/polyarthalgia	202 (97.6)
Neurological	38 (18.4)
Renal biopsy International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification
III	43 (20.8)
IV	103 (49.8)
III/IV	6 (2.9)
III/V	5 (2.4)
IV/V	50 (24.2)
Antiphospholipid syndrome positive	20 (9.7)
Extractable nuclear antigen positive	20 (9.7)
Proteinuria (dipstick)
1+	9 (4.3)
2+	50 (24.2)
3+	119 (57.5)
4+	25 (12.1)
Microscopic hematuria
Trace	38 (18.4)
1+	31 (15)
2+	44 (21.3)
3+	66 (31.9)
4+	14 (6.8)
Serum creatinine (mg/dL), mean ± SD	1.67 ± 1.79
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/minute/1.73 m²), mean ± SD	75.21 ± 42.59
Serum albumin (g/dL), mean ± SD	2.30 ± 0.62
Spot protein creatinine ratio (g/dL) or 24 hours urinary protein (g/day), mean ± SD	3.54 ± 3.13
Serum C3 levels
Low (< 0.8)	171 (82.6)
Normal (> 0.8)	36 (17.4)
Serum C4 levels
Low (< 0.16)	138 (66.7)
Normal (> 0.16)	69 (33.3)
Kidney replacement therapy on admission	19 (9.2)
Immunosuppression before biopsy	133 (64.3)
Maintenance treatment
Azathioprine	144 (69.56)
Mycophenolate mofetil	63 (30.43)
Hydroxychloroquine	131 (63.28)

ENT: Ear, nose, and throat; SD: Standard deviation.