Peritoneal dialysis associated infections: An update on diagnosis and management

Table 2 Organisms causing peritoneal dialysis associated infections

Organism	Comments	Ref.
Gram-positive cocci	Commonest cause of PDAI	Gupta et al[30]; Fedorowsky et al[33]; Renaud et al[8]
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Α andβ-haemolytic Streptococus
Micrococci
Gram-negative	Recent change from HD to PD	Gupta et al[30]; Chang et al[34]; Lobo et al[12]; Kofteridis et al[16]; Krishnan et al[35]
Enterobacteriaceae	Polymicrobial/catheter loss/transfer to HD
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
VRE
Escherichia coli
Klebsiellla oxytoca
Acinectobacter sp
Serratia marcescens
Enterococci
Fungi		García-Agudo et al[36]; Predari et al[37]; Kazancioglu et al[38]; Troidle et al[31]
Candida albicanns
Candida parapsilosis
Candida glabrata
Neosartorya hiratsukae
Aspergillus fumigatus
Anaerobes		Troidle et al[31]
Unusual	India and mainly developing economies	Lunde et al[39]; Chan et al[40]; Vera et al[41]; Renaud et al[8]; Mendoza-Guevara et al[42]; Byrd et al[43]; Kimura et al[44]
Mycobacteria sp	More common in immunosuppressed patients
Rapidly growing nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Listeria monocytogenes
Serratia marcenseus
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Corynebacterium ulcerans
Acanthoamoeba	May be confused with peritoneal macrophages or lymphocytes	Tilak et al[45]

PD: Peritoneal dialysis PDAI: PD associated infections.