Elevated homocysteine levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the outcome 1

Ref.	Country	Sample size(Control/HIV)	Studydesign	Hcy (µmol/L)		HHcy	Folate (ng/mL)/Vitamin B12 (pg/mL)
				Control	HIV		Control	HIV
Castagna et al[29]	Italy	20/14	CS and CC of some patients	10.8 ± 3.8	6.0 ± 2.2	-	-	-
Muller et al[30]	Norway	15/21	CS	9.2 ± 7.3	9.0 ± 5.0	-	-	-
Naisbitt et al[31]	England	33/33	CS	11.9 ± 4.7	14.5 ± 5.6	-	-	-
Bernasconi et al[32]	Swaziland	80/73	COS	7.6 ± 3.6	8.7 ± 4.1	5% control; 12.3% HIV	-	-
Vilaseca et al[33]	Spain	170/69	COS	6.2 (4.0-10.4)2	9.9 (5.5-23.3)2	50.7% HIV	Folate 19.1 ± 7.5/ B12 455 ± 1601	Folate 12.6 ± 6.7/ B12 481 ± 1811
de Larrañaga et al[34]	Argentina	31/128	CS	9.0 (7.2-13.0)2	9.0 (6.5-12.7)2	12.9% control; 16.4% HIV	Folate 2.5 (2.1-3.1)2/B12 309 (268-477)2	Folate 3.6 (2.5-5.6)2/B12 337.4 (222-493)2
Remacha et al[23]	Spain	128/235	CS	7.5 ± 7.8	14.3 ± 12.9	6.2% control;	-	B12 368.6 ± 219
Raiszadeh et al[35]	United States	127/249	COS	7.2 ± 2.7	7.4 ± 2.7	13.4% control; 16.90%	-	-
Vigano et al[36]	Italy	19/23	CS	9.0 ± 5.0	11.0 ± 8.0	-	Folate 6.9 ± 1.7	Folate 4.7 ± 1.5
Abdollahi and Shoar[37]	Iran	58/58	CC	12.6 ± 1.1	27.1 ± 10.2	91.4% HIV	-	-
Borges-Santos et al[38]	Brazil	20/12	CC	13.9 ± 5.5	9.8 ± 1.6	-	Folate 7.5 (6.3-9.0)2/B12 288 ± 130	Folate 1.9 (1.4-6.6)2/B12 367 ± 139
Deminice et al[39]	Brazil	10/23	CS	6.6 ± 1.5	9.4 ± 2.7	0% controls; 30.4% HIV	Folate 11.7 ± 3.4/ B12 713.1 ± 110.1	Folate 7.0 ± 2/B12 514.6 ± 99.3

¹Folate and vitamin B12 determined in 56 controls and 69 HIV-infected patients only. Values in Hcy, folate and vitamin B12 are expressed as mean ± DP;

²Values expressed as range (25^th-75^th percentiles). CC: Case-control; CS: Cross-sectional; COS: Cohort study; Hcy: Homocysteine; HHcy: Hyperhomocysteinenemia; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 2 Characteristics of studies included in the outcome 2

Ref.	Country	Sample size(Control/HIV)	Studydesign	Hcy (µmol/L)		HHcy	ART
				ART	Non-ART
Mercié et al[42]	France	78/304	COS	12.5 ± 4.8	11.5 ± 4.3	-	-
de Larrañaga et al[34]	Argentina	31/128	CS	9.7 ± 7.1	8.0 ± 6.1	-	-
Remacha et al[23]	Spain	128/235	CS	17.3 ± 13	8.2 ± 7.8	-	Patients under ART (taking > 3 antiretroviral drugs)
Martí-Carvajal et al[41]	Venezuela	14/40	CS	10 ± 7.5	9.2 ± 6.7	48.6% non-ART; 45.5% ART	-
Currier et al[42]	United	40/41	COS	9.6 ± 5	8.0 ± 6.1	-	Patients on ART including a PI continuously for 2 yr
	States
Raiszadeh et al[35]	United	127/249	COS	7.5 ± 2.8	7.3 ± 2.4	-	-
	States
Coria-Ramirez et al[43]	Mexico	69/69	CC	24.8 ± 14.6	7.9 ± 3.4	7.3% non-ART; 79.9% ART	Patients who began ART and maintained the treatment for 6 mo

CC: Case-control; CS: Cross-sectional; COS: Cohort study; Hcy: Homocysteine; HHcy: Hyperhomocysteinenemia; PI: Protease inhibitors; ART: Antiretroviral therapy.