Chronic hepatitis B-associated liver disease in the context of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection and underlying metabolic syndrome

Table 2 Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in sub-Saharan Africa from selected studies

Ref.	Country	Study design	Sample size, n	MetS diagnostic criteria	Prevalence of MetS	Independent risk factors1
Adébayo et al[53]	Benin	Cross-sectional	244	IDF	18.4%	-
Ayodele et al[54]	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	291	NCEP/ATP III; IDF; JIS	12.7%; 17.2%; 21.0%	-
Berhane et al[55]	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	313	NCEP/ATP III	21.1%	HAART > 12 mo, female sex
Bosho et al[56]	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	286	NCEP/ATP III; IDF; JIS	23.5%; 20.5%; 27.6%	BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, formal education
Dimodi et al[57]	Cameroon	Cross-sectional	463	IDF; NCEP/ATP III	32.8%; 30.7%	-
Guira et al[58]	Burkina Faso	Cross-sectional	300	IDF	18.0%	-
Hirigo et al[59]	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	185	IDF; NCEP/ATP III	24.3%; 17.8%	BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, female sex, age > 40 yr
Mbunkah et al[60]	Cameroon	Cross-sectional	173	NCEP/ATP III	15.6%	-
Muhammad et al[61]	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	200	NCEP/ATP III	15.0%	-
Muyanja et al[62]	Uganda	Cross-sectional	250	AHA/NHLBI	58.0%	Female sex, age > 40 yr
Ngatchou et al[63]	Cameroon	Cross-sectional	108	AHA/NHLBI	47.0%	-
Nguyen et al[64]	South Africa	Cross-sectional	748	JIS; IDF; NCEP/ATP III	28.2%; 26.5%; 24.1%	-
Obirikorang et al[65]	Ghana	Cross-sectional	433	NCEP/ATP III; WHO; IDF	48.3%; 24.5%; 42.3%	-
Sobieszczyk et al[66]	South Africa	Longitudinal	160	NCEP/ATP III	19.2%	Older age, time post HIV infection, family history of diabetes, human leukocyte antigen B 81:01 allele
Tesfaye et al[67]	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	374	IDF; NCEP/ATP III	25.0%; 16.8%	Female sex, older age, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL

¹Based on multivariate analysis in the individual studies. AHA/NHLBI: American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; BMI: Body mass index; HAART: Highly active antiretroviral therapy; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; JIS: Joint Interim Statement; MetS: Metabolic syndrome; NCEP/ATP III: National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III; WHO: World Health Organization.