Intrinsic host restriction factors of human cytomegalovirus replication and mechanisms of viral escape

Table 1 Overview of host restriction factors for human cytomegalovirus

Host restriction factors PYHIN family	Regulation	CMV inhibition	HCMV counter measure	Ref.
IFI16	Type I IFN inducible	HCMV-DNA sensing in the nucleus	Sequestration by HCMV pp65 for MIEP activation	[42,43,46,60,72]
		Interaction with HCMV pp65 to inhibit UL54 promoter	Protection from proteasome degradation by pp65
		Antiviral cytokine expression	Delocalization upon phosphorylation by HCMV UL97
AIM2	Type I IFN inducible	MCMV-DNA sensing in the cytoplasm	Not known	[66]
		Inflammasome activation
ND10 family
PML	Cell cycle dependent	Transcriptionally inactive chromatin state of MIEP induction	Targeting HCMV IE1 for degradation hDaxx binding by pp71 for proteasome degradation	[93-116]
hDaxx
Sp100
KDMs	Cell cycle dependent	Inhibition of HCMV latency	Prevention of KDM association with the MIEP by HCMV UL138	[117]

CMV: Cytomegalovirus; HCMV: Human cytomegalovirus; MCMV: Murine cytomegalovirus; IFI16: IFN-γ inducible protein 16; PYHIN: Pyrin/HIN domain; AIM2: Absent in melanoma 2; KDMs: Lysine-specific demethylases; MIEP: Major immediate early promoter.