Junín virus and Argentine haemorrhagic fever: Virology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention strategies

Table 3 Comparative virological, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of major arenaviruses associated with human disease

Feature	Genus group	Geographic region	Associated disease	Genome type	Genome segments	Reservoir host	Primary transmission	Cell receptor used	Pathogenesis pattern	Case fatality rate (untreated)	Human-to-human transmission	Typical outbreak pattern	Vaccine availability	Biosafety level	Ref.
Machupo virus	New world	Bolivia	Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever	Bi-segmented ambisense ssRNA	L (polymerase, Z) and S (NP, GP)	Calomys callosus	Rodent excreta	Transferrin receptor-1	Immune suppression; vascular leakage	20%-30%	Rare	Rural agricultural areas	None	BSL-4	[3,6,7,27,29]
Junín virus	New world	Argentina	Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever	Same	Same	Calomys musculinus	Rodent exposure	Transferrin receptor-1	Similar to Machupo	15%-30%	Limited	Rural Argentina	Candid #1 vaccine	BSL-4	[1-4,8,12,13]
Lassa virus	Old world	West Africa	Lassa Fever	Same	Same	Mastomys natalensis	Rodent contact + human-to-human	α-Dystroglycan	High viremia; immune suppression	1%-20%	Common	Endemic seasonal outbreaks	None widely licensed	BSL-4	[31]
Guanarito virus	New world	Venezuela	Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever	Same	Same	Zygodontomys brevicauda	Rodent exposure	Transferrin receptor-1	Similar to Machupo	20%-30%	Rare	Rural Venezuela	None	BSL-4	[6,23,28,32]
Sabiá virus	New world	Brazil	Brazilian hemorrhagic fever	Same	Same	Suspected rodent	Rodent exposure	Transferrin receptor-1	Limited data; similar NW pattern	High (limited data)	Rare	Sporadic cases	None	BSL-4	[6,23,26,34]
Chapare virus	New world	Bolivia	Chapare hemorrhagic fever	Same	Same	Suspected rodent	Rodent + healthcare transmission	Likely transferrin receptor-1	Hemorrhagic disease; immune dysregulation	High in outbreaks	Confirmed	Small outbreaks (2004, 2019)	None	BSL-4	[6,23,27,34]
Lujo virus	Old world lineage	Zambia/Southern Africa	Lujo Hemorrhagic Fever	Same	Same	Suspected rodent	Rodent + nosocomial spread	Unclear/distinct receptor	Severe systemic inflammation	About 80% (2008 outbreak)	Confirmed	Single major outbreak (2008)	None	BSL-4	[33]
LCMV	Old world	Worldwide	Aseptic meningitis/encephalitis	Same	Same	Mus musculus	Rodent exposure; vertical; transplant	α-Dystroglycan	Immune-mediated CNS inflammation	< 1% in healthy adults	Rare	Sporadic global cases	None	BSL-3 (BSL-4 recommended for high-risk work)	[8]

BSL: Biosafety level; CNS: Central nervous system; LCMV: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.