Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated alcohol-related liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus

Figure 2 Elevated tumor necrosis factor-α levels in people living with human immunodeficiency virus promotes phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and decreases translocation of glucose transporter type 4, thereby worsening insulin resistance and promoting metabolic syndrome. The images were created using BioRender (Supplementary material). TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate-1; GLUT4: Glucose transporter type 4; P: Phosphorylation.