Understanding machupo virus: A neglected arenavirus with global health importance

Table 2 Comparison of Machupo virus structure with other arenavirus

Feature	Machupo	Junín	Lassa	Guanarito	Sabiá	Chapare	Lujo	LCMV
Genus group	New world	New world	Old world	New world	New world	New world	Old world lineage	Old world
Geographic region	Bolivia	Argentina	West Africa	Venezuela	Brazil	Bolivia	Zambia/Southern Africa	Worldwide
Disease	Bolivian haemorrhagic fever	Argentine haemorrhagic fever	Lassa fever	Venezuelan haemorrhagic fever	Brazilian haemorrhagic fever	Chapare haemorrhagic fever	Lujo haemorrhagic fever	Aseptic meningitis/encephalitis
Genome type	Bi-segmented ambisense ssRNA	Same	Same	Same	Bi-segmented ambisense ssRNA	Bi-segmented ambisense ssRNA	Bi-segmented ambisense ssRNA	Bi-segmented ambisense ssRNA
Genome segments	L (L polymerase, Z) S (NP, GP)	Same	Same	Same	L (L polymerase, Z) S (NP, GP)	L (L polymerase, Z) S (NP, GP)	L (L polymerase, Z) S (NP, GP)	L (L polymerase, Z) S (NP, GP)
Reservoir host	Calomys callosus	Calomys musculinus	Mastomys natalensis	Zygodontomys brevicauda	Suspected rodent	Suspected rodent	Suspected rodent	Mus musculus
Primary transmission	Rodent excreta	Rodent exposure	Rodent + human-to-human	Rodent exposure	Rodent exposure	Rodent + healthcare spread	Rodent + nosocomial	Rodent; vertical; transplant
Cell receptor	Transferrin receptor 1	Transferrin receptor 1	α-Dystroglycan	Transferrin receptor 1	Transferrin receptor 1	Likely Transferrin receptor 1	Unclear (distinct usage suspected)	α-Dystroglycan
Pathogenesis pattern	Immune suppression; vascular leakage	Similar to Machupo	Immune suppression; high viremia	Similar to Machupo	Limited data; similar NW pattern	Hemorrhagic; immune dysregulation	Severe systemic inflammation	Immune-mediated CNS inflammation
Case fatality rate (untreated)	20%-30%	15%-30%	1%-20%	20%-30%	Limited; high reported	High in outbreaks	Approximately 80% (2008 outbreak)	< 1% in healthy adults
Human-to-human spread	Rare	Limited	Common	Rare	Rare	Confirmed	Confirmed	Rare
Outbreak profile	Rural agricultural	Rural argentina	Endemic seasonal	Rural venezuela	Sporadic	Small outbreaks (2004, 2019)	Single major outbreak (2008)	Sporadic global cases
Vaccine	No	Candid 1 (live attenuated)	No widely licensed vaccine	No	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available
Biosafety level	BSL-4	BSL-4	BSL-4	BSL-4	BSL-4	BSL-4	BSL-4	BSL-3 (BSL-4 high risk)

GP: Glycoprotein precursor; NP: Nucleoprotein; CNS: Central nervous system; BSL: Biosafety level.