Bone health and chronic viral infections: A narrative literature review

doi:10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.118225

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World Journal of Virology

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2220-3249

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Virol. Mar 25, 2026; 15(1): 118225
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.118225

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Figure 2 Etiopathogenesis and mechanisms of bone alterations in patients with chronic viral infections. A: Etiopathogenesis; B: Mechanisms. HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; Oc: Osteoclasts; Ob: Osteoblasts; Ot: Osteocytes; Nef: Negative factor; Vpr: Viral protein R; Tat: Trans-activator of transcription; gp120: Glycoprotein 120; RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB; IL: Interleukins; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; Vit D: Vitamin D; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; PIs: Protease inhibitors; TDF: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Citation: Jadzic JS, Baljozovic AB, Simic LD. Bone health and chronic viral infections: A narrative literature review. World J Virol 2026; 15(1): 118225
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v15/i1/118225.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.118225

Jadzic JS, Baljozovic AB, Simic LD. Bone health and chronic viral infections: A narrative literature review. World J Virol 2026; 15(1): 118225 [PMID: 41884453 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.118225]

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