Next-generation mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses: Immunological correlates, platform design and clinical translation

doi:10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116939

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World Journal of Virology

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2220-3249

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Virol. Mar 25, 2026; 15(1): 116939
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116939

Table 3 Regulatory and deployment updates relevant to mucosal vaccines

Item	Jurisdiction	Detail
First inhaled COVID-19 booster approval[39]	China	Convidecia Air™ (Ad5 aerosol) received emergency authorization as a booster (September 2022)
First intranasal COVID-19 vaccine approval[40]	India	iNCOVACC™ approved for primary series and heterologous booster under restricted emergency use
LAIV self-administration pathway[38]	United States (FDA)	FluMist^® approved for self/caregiver administration (September 20, 2024); broad home-use rollout for 2025-26 season

COVID 19: Coronavirus disease 2019; LAIV: Live attenuated influenza vaccine; Ad5: Adenovirus serotype 5; FDA: United States Food and Drug Administration.

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Citation: Younas S, Farooq S, Sahu S, Mwita RP, Özdemir Ö. Next-generation mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses: Immunological correlates, platform design and clinical translation. World J Virol 2026; 15(1): 116939
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v15/i1/116939.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116939

Younas S, Farooq S, Sahu S, Mwita RP, Özdemir Ö. Next-generation mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses: Immunological correlates, platform design and clinical translation. World J Virol 2026; 15(1): 116939 [PMID: 41884458 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116939]

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