Human immunodeficiency virus vaccines: Advances, challenges and future perspectives

doi:10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116055

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World Journal of Virology

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2220-3249

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Virol. Mar 25, 2026; 15(1): 116055
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116055

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Figure 1 This timeline illustrates over 25 years of human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development efforts. Early protein vaccines (VAX004, VAX003) failed. RV144 showed modest 31% protection-the only success so far. Adenovirus vectors (STEP, Phambili) were stopped early due to safety risk. Recent poxvirus and mosaic Ad269 (Adenovirus serotype 26) human immunodeficiency virus vaccine trials (HVTN 702, Imbokodo, Mosaico) have also failed. Now, researchers focus on bnAbs, mRNA, and nanoparticle vaccines.

Citation: Varatharajan S, Krishnasai S, Girish C. Human immunodeficiency virus vaccines: Advances, challenges and future perspectives. World J Virol 2026; 15(1): 116055
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v15/i1/116055.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116055

Varatharajan S, Krishnasai S, Girish C. Human immunodeficiency virus vaccines: Advances, challenges and future perspectives. World J Virol 2026; 15(1): 116055 [PMID: 41884456 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116055]

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