Evolving trends in hepatitis A epidemiology: Shifting patterns, emerging risks, and future strategies

Table 4 Age-stratified seroprevalence and age at midpoint of population immunity estimates reflecting hepatitis A virus endemicity transitions

Country	Overall seroprevalence	Age at midpoint of population immunity (years)	Endemicity level	Key findings	Ref.
Iran	86%	21	High to intermediate	Declining natural immunity in younger cohorts due to improved sanitation	Lankarani et al[63]
Jordan	38.3%	21-30	Intermediate to low	Introduction of HAV vaccine resulted in epidemiological shift of HAV seroprevelance	Kareem et al[64]
Turkey	67.23% over all; 35.9% in 15-18 years	Estimated 25-30	Intermediate	Low seroprevelance in youth is due to the fact that these individuals were not included in routine vaccination	Karabey et al[65]
Vietnam	69.2% (total), 57.9% (urban), 80.7% (rural)	29	High to intermediate	Socio-economic disparities and unsafe drinking water contribute to geographic difference	Cam Huong et al[66]

HAV: Hepatitis A virus.