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World Journal of Virology
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2220-3249
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Virol. Dec 25, 2025; 14(4): 110435
Published online Dec 25, 2025. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v14.i4.110435
Table 5 Rate of positivity for adeno-associated virus, human adenovirus, human herpes virus-6, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus via real-time polymerase chain reaction, n (%)
England
Scotland
United States
VirusCases of acute hepatitis of unknown etiologyControlsCases of acute hepatitis of unknown etiologyControlsCases of acute hepatitis of unknown etiologyControls
SamplePositivity rateSample and groupPositivity rateSamplePositivity rateSample and groupPositivity rateSamplePositivity rateSample and groupPositivity rate
AAV-2Whole-blood10/11 cases (91) (Ct: 19-24)Whole-blood, immunocompetent control6/65 controls (9.2)Plasma or serum26/32 cases (81.2), viral load, median: 66100 copies/mL (IQR; 13461-300277 copies/mm3)Plasma or serum5/74 controls (6.7)No dataNo data
Healthy control1/13 (7.7) (Ct: 39)Group 10/13 (0)
HAdV infection, normal ALT0/17 (0)Group 20/12 (0)
HAdV infection, normal ALT (HAdV in blood)4/8 (50) (Ct: 27-38)Group 30/33 (0)
HAdV infection, raised ALT0/5 (0)Group 45/16 (31.2), viral load, median: 3267 copies/mL
Critical illness, raised ALT1/11 (9.1) (Ct: 37)Liver5 cases, viral load, median: 3721497 copies/mm3 (IQR; 3308243-6717616 copies/mm3)Liver (controls under 18 years old)19 controls, viral load, median: 64 copies/mm3 (IQR; 20-83 copies/mm3)
Non-HAdV infection, raised ALT0/5 (0)
Other0/6 (0)
Whole-blood, immunocompromised control6/17 (35.3)
HAdV infection, raised ALT > 500 U/L6/14 (42.9) (Ct 24-37)
CMV infection, raised ALT > 500 U/L0/3 (0)
Liver5/5 cases (100) (Ct: 17-21)Liver, immunocompromised1/4 (25) (Ct: 39)
Throat swab2/2 cases (100) (Ct: 25, 30)
Stool1/1 case (100) (Ct: 30)
Plasma6/6 cases (100) (Ct: 27-32)
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver9/9 (cases 100) (Ct: 23-36)
Total: 27/28 cases (96.4%) Total: 26/32 cases (81.2%)
HAdVWhole-blood13/15 cases (86.7) (Ct: 31-37)Whole-blood, immunocompromised, HAdV infection, raised ALT > 500 U/L14/14 controls (100) (Ct: 29-42)Plasma or serum5/27 cases (18.5) (Ct: 37-38)Plasma or serum6/58 controls (10.3)Whole-blood21/21 samples (100) (Ct: 30-37)2/113 controls (1.8)
Liver5/5 cases (100) (Ct: 37-42)Whole-blood, immunocompromised, CMV infection, raised ALT > 500 U/L0/2 (0) (Ct: 35)Group 10/13 (0)Plasma1/2 cases (50) (Ct: 39)G1 (whole blood)0/42 (0)
Throat swab2/3 cases (66.7) (Ct: 35-39)Liver, immunocompromised0/4 (0)Group 25/12 (41.7)(Total: Whole blood or plasma, 14/14 cases 100)G2 (whole blood)0/30 (0)
Stool0/1 case (0)Group 31/33 (3.0)Liver 1/1 case (100) (Ct: 37)G3 (plasma: n = 22, serum = 1)2/23 (8.7) (Ct: 35, 36)
Plasma2/6 cases (33.3) (Ct: 39-42)Nasopharyngeal swab1/1 case (100) (Ct: 23)G4 (whole blood: n = 6, plasma: n = 12)0/18 (0)
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver4/9 cases (44.4) (39-44)Stool 1/2 cases (50) (Ct: 35)
Total: 24/32 cases (75%) Total: 16/16 cases (100%)
HHV-6Whole-blood4/6 cases (66.7) (Ct: 37)Whole-blood, immunocompromised, HAdV infection, raised ALT > 500 U/L4/12 controls (33.3) (Ct: 30-36)Plasma or serum1/27 cases (3.7) (Ct: 37)Plasma or serum4/58 controls (6.9)Whole-blood10/21 samples (47.6) (Ct: 37-40)1/113 controls (0.9)
Whole-blood, immunocompromised, CMV infection, raised ALT > 500 U/L1/3 (33.3) (Ct: 35)Group 10/13 (0)Plasma0/2 cases (0)G1 (whole- blood)0/42 (0)
Liver5/5 cases (100) (Ct: 27-32)Liver, immunocompromised1/4 (25) (Ct: 34)Group 22/12 (16.7)(Total: Whole- blood and plasma, 7/14 cases, 50)G2 (whole- blood)0/30 (0)
Throat swab1/2 cases (50) (Ct: 45)Group 32/33 (6.1)Liver 1/1 case (100) (Ct: 30)G3 (plasma: n = 22, serum=1)0/23 (0)
Stool0/1 case (0) Liver2/4 cases (50) (Ct: 33, 36)Nasopharyngeal swabNo dataG4 (whole- blood: n = 6, plasma: n = 12)1/18 (5.6) (Ct: 39)
Plasma0/6 cases (0)Stool 0/2 case (0)
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver6/9 cases (66.7) (Ct: 30-37)
Total: 16/23 cases (69.6%) Total: 3/27 cases (11.1%) Total: 7/16 cases (43.8%)
EBVNo dataNo dataPlasma0/9 cases (0) No dataWhole-blood17/21 samples (80.9) (Ct: 31-43)1/113 controls (0.9)
Plasma1/2 cases (50) (Ct: No data)G1 (whole- blood)1/42 (2.4) (Ct: 44)
(Total: Whole- blood and plasma, 11/14 cases, 78.6)G2 (whole- blood)0/30 (0)
Liver 0/1 case (0)G3 (plasma: n = 22, serum = 1)0/23 (0)
Nasopharyngeal swab0/1 case (0)G4 (whole- blood: n = 6, plasma: n = 12)0/18 (0)
Stool 1/2 cases (50) (Ct: No data)
Total: 11/16 cases (68.8%)
CMVNo dataNo dataPlasma0/9 cases (0) No dataWhole-blood0/21 samples (0) 2/113 controls (1.8)
Plasma0/2 cases (0) G1 (whole- blood)1/42 (2.4) (Ct: 38)
(Total: Whole- blood and plasma, 0/14 cases, 0)G2 (whole- blood)0/30 (0)
Liver 0/1 case (0)G3 (plasma: n = 22, serum: n = 1)1/23 (4.3) (Ct: 39)
Nasopharyngeal swab0/1 case (0)G4 (whole- blood: n = 6, plasma: n = 12)0/18 (0)
Stool 0/2 cases (0)
Total: 0/16 cases (0%)
AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AAV: Adeno-associated virus; CMV: Cytomegalovirus; HAdV: Human adenovirus; HHV: Human herpes virus.
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