Predictors of sustained human immunodeficiency virus viral-load suppression before and after the adoption of Treat All policy in Rwanda

Table 2 Incidence of sustained viral load suppression, persistent viremia, viral rebound, and new suppression among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Rwanda

Characteristics	Sustained VLS		Persistent viremia		Viral rebound		Newly suppressed
	n/N	%	n/N	%	n/N	%	n/N	%
Overall	829/973	85.2	42/973	4.3	45/973	4.6	57/973	5.9
Age, year
18-24	21/27	77.8	1/27	3.7	4/27	14.8	1/27	3.7
25-34	271/314	86.3	10/314	3.2	15/314	4.8	18/314	5.7
35-44	332/405	82.2	22/332	5.4	21/405	5.2	30/405	7.4
45-54	130/137	94.9	3/137	2.2	3/137	2.2	1/137	0.7
≥ 55	75/90	83.3	6/90	6.7	2/90	2.2	7/90	7.8
Gender
Female	539/622	86.7	21/622	3.4	26/622	4.2	36/622	5.8
Male	288/349	82.5	21/349	6.0	19/349	5.4	21/349	6.0
Education
No education	341/423	80.6	27/423	6.4	24/423	5.7	31/423	7.3
≥ Primary	465/523	88.9	14/523	2.7	19/523	3.6	25/523	4.8
HIV status disclosed
No	348/406	85.7	13/406	3.2	19/406	4.7	26/406	6.4
Yes	475/561	84.7	29/561	5.2	26/561	4.6	31/561	5.5
Adherence
< 90%	175/217	80.6	17/217	7.8	14/217	6.5	11/217	5.1
≥ 90%	562/648	86.7	20/648	3.1	26/648	4.0	40/648	6.2
Advance HIV disease
Yes	122/157	77.7	14/157	8.9	12/157	7.6	9/157	5.7
No	585/671	87.2	18/671	2.7	28/671	4.2	40/671	6.0
Timing of ART initiation
Before treat all	389/451	86.3	24/451	5.3	17/451	3.8	21/451	4.7
After treat all	433/513	84.4	18/513	3.5	27/513	5.3	35/513	6.8

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; VLS: Viral load suppression; ART: Antiretroviral therapy.