Sustained maternal human immunodeficiency virus viral load suppression and cascade of human immunodeficiency virus testing among exposed infants in Rwanda

Table 5 Trend in viral load outcomes during pregnancy and postpartum period among women living with human immunodeficiency virus from different parts of the world

Ref.	Country	Study year	Outcome and definition	Percentages of outcome
				Time 1	Time 2	Time 3
Patel et al[28], 2018	United states	1996-2015	VLS (HIV RNA < 500 copies/mL) measured at start of pregnancy, end or pregnancy and 6 months postpartum	34.8	60.1	42.7
Lyatuu et al[16], 2021	Tanzania	2014-2016	VLS (HIV RNA < 400 copies/mL) measured between 0-11 months and at ≥ 36 months since enrolled at prevention of mother to child transmission	85.1	90.6
Landes et al[29], 2021	Malawi	2014-2016	Detectable viral load (HIV RNA > 40 copies/mL measured at enrollment, 12-months and 24-months post-partum	15.5	9.9	12.0
Boucoiran et al[20], 2017	Canada	1997-2015	Viral rebound HIV RNA > 50 copies/mL or > 400 copies/mL for 1997-1998 enrollees and measured within 1 month before delivery	0.0	6.0
Moyo et al[17], 2021	South Africa	2016-2017	Viraemia (HIV RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL) measured during pregnancy, at delivery and 24-months post-partum	53.6	36.9	33.5
Ntlantsana et al[18], 2019	South Africa	2016-2017	Viraemia (HIV RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL) measured at 4 weeks post enrollment among pregnant women those who were viremic at enrollment	100	53.3
Meade et al[21], 2018	United States	2011-2016	VLS (HIV RNA < 200 copies/mL) measured at delivery, 12-months and 24-months postpartum	59.0	15.0	0.0
Zanré et al[22], 2024	Canada	2012-2020	Undetectable VL (< 50 copies/mL), measured at delivery and 2-18 weeks postpartum	94.0	87.0
Jiang et al[31], 2024	Kenya	2015-2017	Viral load suppressed (HIV RNA < 1000 copies/mL) measure within the past 6-months and 24-months postpartum	100	83.8
Myer et al[23], 2017	South Africa	2013-2014	VLS (HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL). measured at enrollment and 12-months postpartum	100	70.0
Adams et al[19], 2015	United states	2005-2011	VLS (HIV RNA < 200 copies/mL). measured at 12-months and 24-months postpartum	31.0	34.0
Moyo et al[30], 2021	South Africa	2018-2020	Viral load un-suppression (HIV RNA > 1000 copies/mL). measured during pregnancy, delivery and up to 9-months postpartum	18.0	20.6	14.8
Flynn et al[24], 2021	Multiple countries	2011-2014	VLS (HIV RNA < 1000 copies/mL) measured at 6-weeks, 14-weeks, 26-weeks, and 50-weeks postpartum. Here we present 6-weeks, 14-weeks and 26-weeks data	91.0	89.0	88.0
Hatcher et al[25], 2022	South Africa	2013-2017	VLS (HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL) measured at 6-months, and 12-months postpartum	84.0	67.0
Brittain et al[26], 2020	South Africa	2013-2014	Viral load ≥ 50 copies/mL at delivery and 12-months postpartum among women who were diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy	21.0	32.0
Ngarina et al[27], 2015	Tanzania	2004-2006	Viral load ≥ 400 copies/mL measured at enrollment, 3-months, 6-months, 12-months and 24-months postpartum. Here we present proportion of VL ≥ 400 at enrollment, 6-months and 12-months postpartum	97.0	22.0	61.0

Multiple countries included India, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; VL: Viral loads; VLS: Viral load suppression.