Marburg virus disease: Emerging threat, pathogenesis, and global public health strategies

Table 3 Different types of viral haemorrhagic fevers and causative agents

Family	Causative virus	Disease	Symptoms	Treatment
Arenaviridae	Lassa virus	Lassa fever	Fever, weakness, haemorrhage	Supportive care, ribavirin
Arenaviridae	Junin virus	Argentine haemorrhagic fever	Fever, malaise, haemorrhage	Supportive care
Arenaviridae	Chapare virus	Chapare hemorrhagic fever	fever, malaise, headache, vomiting and diarrhoea	Supportive care and early diagnosis
Arenaviridae	Guanarito virus	Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever	confusion, convulsions, coma, and bleeding from body orifices	No specific anti-viral treatment is available
Arenaviridae	Lujo virus	Lujo hemorrhagic fever	fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, arthralgia, myalgia	Supportive care
Arenaviridae	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis	Fever (38.5 °C to 40 °C), malaise, myalgia, retro-orbital headache, photophobia, anorexia	Supportive care, ribavirin
Arenaviridae	Machupo virus	Bolivian hemorrhagic fever	Fever, malaise, fatigue headache, dizziness, myalgias, severe lower back pain	Supportive care
Arenaviridae	Sabia virus	Brazilian hemorrhagic fever	High fever, fatigue, maculopapular/petechial rash bleeding and haemorrhage	Supportive care, ribavirin antiviral drug
Bunyaviridae	Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus	Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever	Fever, myalgia, haemorrhage	Supportive care, ribavirin
Bunyaviridae	Hantan virus	Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	Fever, muscle pain, pulmonary oedema	Supportive care
Bunyaviridae	Dobrava-Belgrade virus	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Intense headache, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, blurred vision	Supportive therapy, renal dialysis. Treatment with ribavirin
Bunyaviridae	Seoul virus	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Intense headache, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, blurred vision	Supportive therapy, renal dialysis. Treatment with ribavirin
Bunyaviridae	Puumalavirus	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Intense headache, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, blurred vision	Supportive therapy, renal dialysis. Treatment with ribavirin
Bunyaviridae	Rift Valley fever virus	Rift Valley fever	Transient fever, headache, severe muscle and joint pain, photophobia and anorexia	Drugs like Ibuprofen or Acetaminophen
Bunyaviridae	Saaremaa virus	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Intense headache, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, blurred vision	Supportive therapy, renal dialysis. Treatment with ribavirin
Bunyaviridae	Sin Nombre virus	Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	Fever, muscle pain, pulmonary edema	Intubation and oxygen therapy, fluid replacement and use of medications to support blood pressure
Bunyaviridae	Severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome virus	Severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome	Fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, multiple organ failure, thrombocytopenia, leucopoenia elevated liver enzyme levels	Intravenous ribavirin
Bunyaviridae	Tula virus	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Intense headache, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, blurred vision	Supportive therapy, renal dialysis. Treatment with ribavirin
Filoviridae	Bundibugyo ebolavirus	EBOV disease	Fever, severe haemorrhage, organ failure	Supportive care, experimental treatments
Filoviridae	Marburg virus	Marburg haemorrhagic fever	Fever, severe haemorrhage, organ failure	Supportive care, experimental treatments
Filoviridae	Sudan ebolavirus	EBOV disease	Sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headaches, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney, liver functions	Monoclonal antibodies like Inmazeb, Ebanga
Filoviridae	Tai Forest ebolavirus	EBOV disease	Sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headaches, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney, liver	Monoclonal antibodies like Inmazeb, Ebanga
Filoviridae	EBOV	EBOV disease	Sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headaches, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney, liver functions	Monoclonal antibodies like Inmazeb, Ebanga
Flaviviridae	Dengue virus	Dengue fever	Fever, rash, haemorrhage	Supportive care, fluids
Flaviviridae	Kyasanur forest disease virus	Kyasanur forest disease	Sudden onset of chills, fever, and headache	Supportive treatment with maintenance of proper hydration and circulation by transfusion of IV fluids
Flaviviridae	Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus	Omsk hemorrhagic fever	Fever, headache, myalgia, cough, petechial rash or bruises	Supportive care
Flaviviridae	Yellow fever virus	Yellow fever	Fever, chills, headache, back pain, vomiting, fatigue	Rest, hydration and seek medical advice

EBOV: Ebola virus.