Heart failure in COVID-19 patients: Critical care experience

Table 4 Studies reporting outcomes in heart-transplant patients with coronavirus disease 2019, n (%)

No.	1	2	3	4	5
Ref.	Latif et al[27]	Ketcham et al[28]	Singhvi et al[29]	Lima et al[30]	Bottio et al[31]
Country	United States	United States	United States	United States	Italy
Patient number	28	6	22	5	38
Study type	Retrospective observational	Retrospective observational	Retrospective observational	Retrospective observational	Retrospective observational
Age, (mean ± SD)	64 (53.5-70.5)	57 (34–73)1	58.6 (49.1–71.2)2	62 ± 9.8	64.9 ± 12.0
Male	22 (79)	6 (100)	14 (63.6)	4 (80)	31 (82)
Risk factors	Hypertension:20 (71), diabetes:17 (61), lung disease: 10 (36), malignancy: 5 (18), chronic kidney disease: 10 (36)	Chronic heart failure: 4 (67), chronic kidney disease: 4 (67), Chronic anemia: 3 (50), coronary artery disease: 4 (67), former tobacco smoker: 1 (17), diabetes mellitus: 4 (67), hypertension: 6 (100), obesity: 3 (50), obstructive sleep apnea: 3 (50)	Hypertension: 21 (95.5), diabetes: 12 (54.5), lung disease: 3 (13.6), chronic kidney disease stage ≥ III: 14 (63.6), end stage renal disease on dialysis: 3 (13.6), malignancy (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers): 6 (27.3), HIV: 1 (4.5), current smoker: 1 (4.5), former smoker: 7 (31.8), permanent pacemaker: 3 (13.6), charlson comorbidity index ≥ 5: 12 (54.5)	Ischemic cardiomyopathy (pre‐HTx): 2 (40), hypertension: 5 (100), hyperlipidemia: 3 (60), diabetes mellitus: 1 (20), obesity: 2 (40), post‐transplant renal insufficiency: 2 (40)	Obesity: 7 (18), arterial hypertension: 25 (66), dyslipidemia: 18 (47), diabetes mellitus: 7 (18), former smoker: 8 (21), peripheral vascular disease: 8 (21), COPD: 3 (8), stroke: 1 (2), malignancy: 3 (8), previous PCI: 11 (29)
NYHA class	-	-	-	-	I:27 (71), II:8 (21), III:3 (8), IV:0 (0)
ICU	7 (25)	6 (100)	4 (18.18)	2 (40)	4 (10.5)
Ventilation	7 (25)	5 (83)	7 (31.81)	2 (40)	17 (44)
NIV	-	0	3 (13.63)	0	15 (39.4)
IV	7 (25)	5 (83)	4 (18.18)	2 (40)	2 (5.2)
ECMO	-	0	-	0	0 (0)
Vasopressor	-	5 (83)	3 (13.63)	-	3 (7.9%)
ICU stay duration in days	-	8.25 (4-12.5)	7 (4-9)	-	-
Organ dysfunction	HD: 3 (10.71)	AKI requiring CRRT: 5 (83)	RRT: 3 (13.63)	AKI requiring HD: 1 (20)	-
Morbidity	4 (18) patients remained hospitalized at the end of study period	2 (33) patients still admitted at the end of the study period	-	One patient developed mild acute cellular rejection	Bacterial coinfection:5 (13), sepsis: 4 (10.5), neurological complication: 1 (2.6), gastrointestinal complication: 1 (2.6)
Mortality	7 (25)	2 (33)	4 (18.18)	0 (0)	14 (36.8)

¹Range.

²IQR.

- signifies that the variable was not reported in the study. All patients had COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR.

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; Htx: Heart transplant; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ICU: Intensive care unit; NIV: Non-invasive ventilation; IV: Invasive ventilation; ECMO: Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation; HD: Hemodialysis; AKI: Acute kidney injury; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; RRT: Renal replacement therapy; AKI: Acute kidney injury.