Outcomes in randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions in solid organ transplant

Table 2 Description of studies

Ref.	Country	Year	Organ	Time-post transplant (wk)	Treatment duration (wk)	Randomized patients1	Exercise intervention	Comparison
Braith et al[5]	United States	1996	Heart	> 8	24	16	Lumbar extension 1 d/wk; variable resistance exercises 2 d/wk	Usual care
Braith et al[4]	United States	1998	Heart	> 8	24	162	Lumbar extension 1 d/wk; variable resistance exercises 2 d/wk	Usual care
Kobashigawa et al[15]	United States	1999	Heart	> 2	26	27	Individualized cardiac rehabilitation (strengthening, flexibility, and moderate aerobic exercises) 1-3 d/wk	Usual care (unstructured therapy at home)
Painter et al[16]	United States	2002	Kidney	4-8	48	167	Independent home-based exercise 4 d/wk	Usual care
Mitchell et al[17]	United States	2003	Lung	> 8	26	16	Lumbar extension resistance exercise 1 d/wk and walking program	Usual care (walking program)
Painter et al[18]	United States	2003	Kidney	> 4	48	96	Independent home-based exercise 4 d/wk	Usual care
Braith et al[19]	United States	2005	Heart	> 8	24	15	Variable resistance exercises 2 d/wk	Usual care
Juskowa et al[20]	Poland	2006	Kidney	> 0.5	4-5	69	Strength exercise training 7 d/wk	Usual care
Krasnoff et al[3]	United States	2006	Liver	> 8	40	151	Cardiovascular exercise training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Bernardi et al[21]	Italy	2007	Heart	> 24	24	26	Stationary bicycle; 30 min/5 d per week	Usual care
Karapolat et al[22]	Turkey	2007	Heart	Mean 14-17	8	38	Hospital-based exercise program (flexibility, stretching, aerobic, strengthening, breathing, relaxation) 3 d/wk	Home-based exercise program (flexibility, stretching, aerobic, strengthening, breathing, relaxation) 3 d/wk
Braith et al[23]	United States	2008	Heart	> 8	12	20	Aerobic treadmill exercise	Usual care
Karopola et al[24]	Turkey	2008	Heart	Mean 14-17	8	383	Hospital-based exercise program (flexibility, stretching, aerobic, strengthening, breathing, relaxation) 3 d/wk	Home-based exercise program (flexibility, stretching, aerobic, strengthening, breathing, relaxation) 3 d/wk
Pierce et al[25]	United States	2008	Heart	> 8	12	20	Aerobic exercise training	Usual care
Wu et al[26]	Taiwan	2008	Heart	> 52	8	37	Resistance and aerobic training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Haykowsky et al[27]	Canada	2009	Heart	> 26	12	23	Aerobic 5 d/wk and strength training 2 d/wk	Usual care
Mandel et al[28]	United States	2009	Liver	6-12	12	50	Targeted lower body resistance strengthening exercise 3-4 d/wk	Usual care (walking program)
Hermann et al[29]	Denmark	2011	Heart	> 52	8	27	Aerobic interval training program 3 d/wk	Usual care
Ihle et al[30]	Germany	2011	Lung	> 52	4	60	Inpatient rehabilitation (exercise training 4 d/wk and aerobic session 5 d/wk)	Outpatient physiotherapy
Christensen et al[31]	Denmark	2012	Heart	Mean 84	8	4	High-intensity aerobic interval training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Langer et al[2]	Belgium	2012	Lung	1-6	12	40	Aerobic and resistance training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Nytrøen et al[32]	Norway	2012	Heart	52-416	52	52	High-intensity aerobic interval training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Rustad et al[33]	Norway	2012	Heart	52-416	12	52	High-intensity aerobic interval training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Kawauchi et al[34]	Brazil	2013	Heart	< 1	to hospital discharge	22	10-phase incremental exercise program (breathing, active resistance exercises, aerobic exercises, stretching)	Institution exercise routine (breathing, stretching walking) 5 d/wk
Kouidi et al[35]	Greece	2013	Kidney	> 52	26	24	Aerobic exercise and strength training 4 d/wk	Usual care
Nytrøen et al[36]	Norway	2013	Heart	52-416	52	525	High-intensity aerobic interval training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Dall et al[37]	Denmark	2014	Heart	> 52	12 (5 mo washout)	17	High-intensity aerobic interval training 3 d/wk	Moderate biking exercise 3 d/wk
Monk-Hansen et al[38]	Denmark	2014	Heart	> 52	8	30	High intensity training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Pascoalino et al[39]	Brazil	2015	Heart	> 52	12	42	Endurance exercise training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Pooranfar et al[40]	Iran	2013	Kidney	104-156	10	44	Aerobic and resistance training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Riess et al[41]	Canada	2013	Kidney	> 26	12	31	Endurance and strength training 2 d/wk	Usual care
Tzvetanov et al[42]	United States	2014	Kidney	> 4	52	17	Resistance exercise training 2 d/wk (as well as behaviour and nutrition)	Usual care
Dall et al[43]	Denmark	2015	Heart	> 52	12 (5 mo washout)	176	High-intensity aerobic interval training 3 d/wk	Moderate biking exercise 3 d/wk
Greenwood et al[44]	England	2015	Kidney	< 52	12	60	Home-based aerobic training and resistance training 3 d/wk	Usual care
Karelis et al[45]	Canada	2015	Kidney	6-8	16	24	Resistance training 3 d/wk (once a week in hospital and 2 × /week at home)	Usual care (no exercise)

¹Does not add to 1313 since some patients included in more than one study;

²Same patients as Braith 1996;

³Same patients as Karolopat 2007;

⁴Same patients as Hermann 2011;

⁵Same patients as Nytrøen 2012;

⁶Same patients as Dall 2014. BMD: Bone mineral density; HR: Heart rate; BP: Blood pressure; HRQOL: Health-related quality-of-life; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; BMI: Body mass index; METs: Metabolic unit of task; HRRe: Heart rate reserve; HRR1: Heart rate recovery; CRI: Chronotropic response index; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-a: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; sICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; 6MWD: 6 minute walk distance; FVC: Forced vital capacity; HRV: Heart rate variability; BRS: Baroreflex sensitivity.