Cryptosporidium infection in solid organ transplantation

Table 2 Risk factors, diagnosis and co-morbidities in Cryptosporidium Infections

Ref.	Exposure	Cryptosporidium spp.	Diagnosis	Co-infection	Tacrolimus levels (early on admission)
Abdo et al[15]	N/A	C. parvum	N/A	No	No
Acikgoz et al[23]	Petting animals	N/A	ELISA Modified acid fast staining	No	Increased
Arslan et al[10]	N/A	N/A	Modified acid fast staining	N/A	N/A
Bandin et al[8]	Swimming pool (3) Traveler diarrhea (1)1	N/A	Zielh-Nielsen staining Auramine staining Microscopy Biopsy	No	N/A
Bhadauria et al[3]	N/A	N/A	Modified acid fast staining	CMV (8)	Increased
Bonatti et al[5]	Travel (water exposure) (4)1 Camping (1)1 Restaurant (1)1 Well water/farm animals (1)1	C. jejuni (1/10)1	Microscopy Enzyme immunoassay	N/A	Increased
Campos et al[18]	N/A	N/A	N/A	No	N/A
Chieffi et al[30]	N/A	C. parvum	Carbol-fuchsin staining	N/A	N/A
Clifford et al[21]	Public water supply	N/A	N/A	No	No
Delis et al[16]	N/A	N/A	Microscopy Biopsy	No	Increased
Franco et al[100]	N/A	N/A	Gastric and small bowel biopsies and hematoxillin staining	No	N/A
Frei et al[6]	N/A	N/A	Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining	No	N/A
Gerber et al[17]	N/A	N/A	Micriscopy (2)1 Biopsy (3)1	No	N/A
Hong et al[9]	Swimming pool	N/A	Modified acid-fast staining DFA	N/A	Increased
Krause et al[4]	None	N/A	Immunochromatographic test	No	Increased (5/6)
Ok et al[19]	N/A	N/A	N/A	Blastomycsis hominis, Giardia intestinalis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba coli	N/A
Pozio et al[14]	Allograft	C. hominis	Microscopy	No	N/A
	N/A	C. parvum	Biopsy
Rodríguez Ferrero et al[7]	N/A	N/A	Modified Kinyoun stain	No	No
Tran et al[12]	N/A	N/A	Modified acid fast staining Microscopy Biopsy	No	No
Udgiri et al[13]	N/A	N/A	Modified acid fast stain	Giardia spp. (7)1Entamoeba butschili (1)1	N/A
Vajro et al[24]	N/A	N/A	Monoclonal antibody fluorescein-conjugated stain	No	NA
Ziring et al[11]	Nosocomial (1)1	N/A	Direct immunofluorescent assay	N/A	N/A

¹Number of patients; DFA: Direct fluorescent antibody; N/A: Not available. C. hominis: Cryptosporidium hominis; C. parvum: Cryptosporidium parvum ; C. jejuni: Cryptosporidium jejuni.