Hepatic veno-occlusive disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Prophylaxis and treatment controversies

Table 1 Risk factors of hepatic veno-occlusive disease

Risk factors	Ref.
Patient factors
Younger age in children	[75-77]
Older age in adults	[78]
Poor performance status	[13,79,80]
Glutathione S-transferase M1 null genotype	[81]
Hemochromatosis C282Y allele	[82]
Pre-existing hepatic dysfunction	[2-4,79]
Hypoalbuminemia	[83]
Hyperbilirubinemia	[83]
High serum ferritin	[84]
Positive CMV serology	[85]
Elevated plasma transforming growth factor β level	[86]
Hepatitis B or C infection	[7,87-90]
History of pancreatitis	[85]
Disease factors
Thalassemia major	[76]
Advanced malignancy	[83,91]
Acute leukemia	[89]
Neuroblastoma	[75,77]
Delayed platelet engraftment	[75,76]
Presence of acute graft-vs-host disease	[83]
Treatment factors
Interval between diagnosis and transplantation greater than 13 mo	[83]
Allogeneic HSCT	[75,79]
Unrelated donor HSCT	[3,13,85,91]
Mismatched donor	[3,83]
Second or subsequent transplants	[7,84]
Prior use of gemtuzumab ozogamicin	[92]
Prior use of norethisterone	[93]
Prior abdominal irradiation	[3,7,77,79]
Use of total parenteral nutrition within 30 d before HSCT	[85]
High dose cytoreductive therapy	[79]
Conditioning regimen containing busulfan with or without cyclophosphamide	[3,75,76,84,85]
Conditioning regimen containing fludarabine	[85]
Conditioning regimen containing melphalan	[94,95]
Total body irradiation	[83,84]
Graft-vs-host disease prophylaxis with cyclosporin with or without methotrexate	[80,83,85]
Use of sirolimus	[96]
Use of tranexamic acid	[97]
Platelet transfusion containing ABO-incompatible plasma	[95]

HSCT: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.