Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Transplant. Sep 18, 2026; 16(3): 121821
Published online Sep 18, 2026. doi: 10.5500/wjt.121821
Published online Sep 18, 2026. doi: 10.5500/wjt.121821
Table 2 Full cohort descriptive baseline characteristics, n (%)
| Characteristic | All (n = 15904) | Cluster 1 (n = 2797) | Cluster 2 (n = 2826) | Cluster 3 (n = 2370) | Cluster 4 (n = 1854) | Cluster 5 (n = 2402) | Cluster 6 (n = 3655) |
| Recipient age | 53.6 (13.3) | 47.6 (13.6) | 61.4 (9.7) | 49.2 (13.4) | 55.8 (12.0) | 45.7 (12.2) | 59.3 (10.3) |
| Recipient BMI | 27.4 (4.8) | 27.2 (5.0) | 28.8 (4.5) | 27.3 (4.9) | 27.6 (4.6) | 26.0 (4.7) | 27.6 (4.5) |
| Recipient sex | |||||||
| Female | 5888 (37.0) | 1106 (39.5) | 663 (23.5) | 856 (36.1) | 742 (40.0) | 1249 (52.0) | 1272 (34.8) |
| Male | 10010 (62.9) | 1690 (60.4) | 2163 (76.5) | 1514 (63.9) | 1112 (60.0) | 1149 (47.8) | 2382 (65.2) |
| Recipient ABO blood group | |||||||
| A | 6220 (39.1) | 1121 (40.1) | 1095 (38.7) | 991 (41.8) | 651 (35.1) | 902 (37.6) | 1460 (39.9) |
| AB | 816 (5.1) | 179 (6.4) | 159 (5.6) | 93 (3.9) | 90 (4.9) | 139 (5.8) | 156 (4.3) |
| B | 2071 (13.0) | 346 (12.4) | 346 (12.2) | 227 (9.6) | 351 (18.9) | 341 (14.2) | 460 (12.6) |
| O | 6797 (42.7) | 1151 (41.2) | 1226 (43.4) | 1059 (44.7) | 762 (41.1) | 1020 (42.5) | 1579 (43.2) |
| Recipient ethnicity | |||||||
| Asian | 3026 (19.0) | 484 (17.3) | 435 (15.4) | 238 (10.0) | 525 (28.3) | 628 (26.1) | 716 (19.6) |
| Black | 1684 (10.6) | 315 (11.3) | 303 (10.7) | 128 (5.4) | 309 (16.7) | 263 (10.9) | 366 (10.0) |
| White | 10488 (65.9) | 1859 (66.5) | 1963 (69.5) | 1938 (81.8) | 887 (47.8) | 1408 (58.6) | 2433 (66.6) |
| Recipient diabetes | 2205 (13.9) | 267 (9.5) | 683 (24.2) | 217 (9.2) | 337 (18.2) | 140 (5.8) | 561 (15.3) |
| Recipient positive CMV status | 8478 (53.3) | 1417 (50.7) | 1476 (52.2) | 1034 (43.6) | 1198 (64.6) | 1308 (54.5) | 2045 (56.0) |
| Dialysis status at registration | |||||||
| Hemo | 7790 (49.0) | 1467 (52.4) | 1633 (57.8) | 888 (37.5) | 992 (53.5) | 1075 (44.8) | 1735 (47.5) |
| Not | 5514 (34.7) | 840 (30.0) | 711 (25.2) | 1132 (47.8) | 535 (28.9) | 940 (39.1) | 1356 (37.1) |
| Peritoneal | 2545 (16.0) | 477 (17.1) | 476 (16.8) | 342 (14.4) | 318 (17.2) | 380 (15.8) | 552 (15.1) |
| Dialysis at transplant | 13412 (84.3) | 2430 (86.9) | 2518 (89.1) | 1735 (73.2) | 1620 (87.4) | 2024 (84.3) | 3085 (84.4) |
| Type of dialysis at transplant | |||||||
| Hemo | 10218 (64.2) | 1851 (66.2) | 1964 (69.5) | 1228 (51.8) | 1254 (67.6) | 1530 (63.7) | 2391 (65.4) |
| Not | 79 (0.5) | 35 (1.3) | 13 (0.5) | 8 (0.3) | 7 (0.4) | 2 (0.1) | 14 (0.4) |
| Peritoneal | 3195 (20.1) | 579 (20.7) | 555 (19.6) | 507 (21.4) | 366 (19.7) | 494 (20.6) | 694 (19.0) |
| Donor organ | |||||||
| Left kidney | 7476 (47.0) | 1197 (42.8) | 1396 (49.4) | 1067 (45.0) | 928 (50.1) | 978 (40.7) | 1910 (52.3) |
| Right kidney | 8428 (53.0) | 1600 (57.2) | 1430 (50.6) | 1303 (55.0) | 926 (49.9) | 1424 (59.3) | 1745 (47.7) |
| Highly sensitised status flag | 1041 (6.5) | 140 (5.0) | 69 (2.4) | 143 (6.0) | 259 (14.0) | 247 (10.3) | 183 (5.0) |
| Waiting list time | 2.6 (1.9) | 2.9 (2.0) | 2.9 (1.8) | 1.6 (1.4) | 2.8 (2.2) | 2.6 (2.1) | 2.6 (1.8) |
| Recipient deprivation group | |||||||
| Quartile 1 most deprived | 3288 (20.7) | 448 (16.0) | 688 (24.3) | 557 (23.5) | 320 (17.3) | 386 (16.1) | 889 (24.3) |
| Quartile 2 second most deprived | 3303 (20.8) | 536 (19.2) | 613 (21.7) | 533 (22.5) | 363 (19.6) | 437 (18.2) | 821 (22.5) |
| Quartile 3 second least deprived | 3365 (21.2) | 657 (23.5) | 593 (21.0) | 399 (16.8) | 427 (23.0) | 555 (23.1) | 734 (20.1) |
| Quartile 4 least deprived | 3377 (21.2) | 661 (23.6) | 498 (17.6) | 423 (17.8) | 467 (25.2) | 639 (26.6) | 689 (18.9) |
| Donor age | 52.6 (14.0) | 44.1 (12.3) | 62.1 (9.0) | 52.4 (12.6) | 51.0 (14.0) | 41.0 (12.6) | 60.3 (9.7) |
| Donor BMI | 27.4 (5.4) | 26.3 (5.1) | 28.8 (5.7) | 27.4 (5.3) | 27.0 (5.3) | 26.0 (4.9) | 28.2 (5.4) |
| Donor sex | |||||||
| Female | 6983 (43.9) | 1086 (38.8) | 1313 (46.5) | 1162 (49.0) | 744 (40.1) | 908 (37.8) | 1770 (48.4) |
| Male | 8921 (56.1) | 1711 (61.2) | 1513 (53.5) | 1208 (51.0) | 1110 (59.9) | 1494 (62.2) | 1885 (51.6) |
| Donor ABO blood group | |||||||
| A | 6430 (40.4) | 1166 (41.7) | 1153 (40.8) | 1026 (43.3) | 644 (34.7) | 937 (39.0) | 1504 (41.1) |
| AB | 523 (3.3) | 118 (4.2) | 96 (3.4) | 41 (1.7) | 58 (3.1) | 99 (4.1) | 111 (3.0) |
| B | 1609 (10.1) | 276 (9.9) | 285 (10.1) | 146 (6.2) | 261 (14.1) | 265 (11.0) | 376 (10.3) |
| O | 7335 (46.1) | 1234 (44.1) | 1291 (45.7) | 1157 (48.8) | 888 (47.9) | 1101 (45.8) | 1664 (45.5) |
| Donor ethnicity | |||||||
| Asian | 457 (2.9) | 79 (2.8) | 96 (3.4) | 44 (1.9) | 59 (3.2) | 68 (2.8) | 111 (3.0) |
| Black | 199 (1.3) | 37 (1.3) | 32 (1.1) | 28 (1.2) | 29 (1.6) | 34 (1.4) | 39 (1.1) |
| White | 14707 (92.5) | 2545 (91.0) | 2597 (91.9) | 2259 (95.3) | 1688 (91.0) | 2193 (91.3) | 3425 (93.7) |
| Donor positive CMV status | 7699 (48.4) | 1198 (42.8) | 1468 (51.9) | 1157 (48.8) | 837 (45.1) | 1084 (45.1) | 1955 (53.5) |
| Donor positive EBV status | 14349 (90.2) | 2561 (91.6) | 2624 (92.9) | 2131 (89.9) | 1676 (90.4) | 2073 (86.3) | 3284 (89.8) |
| Donor positive toxoplasmosis status | 2505 (15.8) | 326 (11.7) | 522 (18.5) | 375 (15.8) | 279 (15.0) | 328 (13.7) | 675 (18.5) |
| Donor cardiac disease | 1966 (12.4) | 132 (4.7) | 719 (25.4) | 229 (9.7) | 170 (9.2) | 79 (3.3) | 637 (17.4) |
| Donor diabetes | 1262 (7.9) | 85 (3.0) | 432 (15.3) | 168 (7.1) | 130 (7.0) | 67 (2.8) | 380 (10.4) |
| Donor family history of diabetes | 4889 (30.7) | 998 (35.7) | 801 (28.3) | 703 (29.7) | 617 (33.3) | 833 (34.7) | 937 (25.6) |
| Donor history of drug abuse | 3073 (19.3) | 1380 (49.3) | 236 (8.4) | 163 (6.9) | 609 (32.8) | 586 (24.4) | 99 (2.7) |
| Donor hypertension | 4738 (29.8) | 253 (9.0) | 1596 (56.5) | 663 (28.0) | 461 (24.9) | 153 (6.4) | 1612 (44.1) |
| Donor smoker | 9722 (61.1) | 2143 (76.6) | 1704 (60.3) | 1205 (50.8) | 1323 (71.4) | 1548 (64.4) | 1799 (49.2) |
| Donor history of UTI | 896 (5.6) | 142 (5.1) | 186 (6.6) | 119 (5.0) | 102 (5.5) | 111 (4.6) | 236 (6.5) |
| Donor allergy | 5382 (33.8) | 1097 (39.2) | 1295 (45.8) | 622 (26.2) | 739 (39.9) | 517 (21.5) | 1112 (30.4) |
| Donor creatinine at retrieval | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.4) |
| Donor type | |||||||
| DBD | 8900 (56.0) | 1772 (63.4) | 1349 (47.7) | 1649 (69.6) | 932 (50.3) | 1520 (63.3) | 1678 (45.9) |
| DCD | 7004 (44.0) | 1025 (36.6) | 1477 (52.3) | 721 (30.4) | 922 (49.7) | 882 (36.7) | 1977 (54.1) |
| Donor cause of death | |||||||
| Neurological | 13832 (87.0) | 2439 (87.2) | 2534 (89.7) | 2073 (87.5) | 1617 (87.2) | 1935 (80.6) | 3234 (88.5) |
| Other | 1231 (7.7) | 172 (6.1) | 117 (4.1) | 199 (8.4) | 133 (7.2) | 343 (14.3) | 267 (7.3) |
| Cold ischemia time | 13.8 (4.8) | 14.0 (5.0) | 14.1 (4.7) | 13.2 (4.6) | 14.3 (4.9) | 13.7 (4.9) | 13.7 (4.8) |
| Perfusate used | |||||||
| HTK | 979 (6.2) | 324 (11.6) | 381 (13.5) | 11 (0.5) | 253 (13.6) | 2 (0.1) | 8 (0.2) |
| Marshalls | 2536 (15.9) | 265 (9.5) | 489 (17.3) | 352 (14.9) | 244 (13.2) | 305 (12.7) | 881 (24.1) |
| Wisconsin | 12217 (76.8) | 2180 (77.9) | 1915 (67.8) | 1984 (83.7) | 1326 (71.5) | 2074 (86.3) | 2738 (74.9) |
| Perfusion quality | |||||||
| Fair | 1031 (6.5) | 128 (4.6) | 223 (7.9) | 142 (6.0) | 141 (7.6) | 129 (5.4) | 268 (7.3) |
| Good | 14139 (88.9) | 2583 (92.3) | 2461 (87.1) | 2128 (89.8) | 1628 (87.8) | 2177 (90.6) | 3162 (86.5) |
| Poor | 616 (3.9) | 77 (2.8) | 126 (4.5) | 78 (3.3) | 75 (4.0) | 78 (3.2) | 182 (5.0) |
| Machine perfusion type | |||||||
| HMP | 359 (2.3) | 13 (0.5) | 27 (1.0) | 72 (3.0) | 13 (0.7) | 71 (3.0) | 163 (4.5) |
| NMP | 185 (1.2) | 27 (1.0) | 31 (1.1) | 20 (0.8) | 26 (1.4) | 29 (1.2) | 52 (1.4) |
| SCS | 15360 (96.6) | 2757 (98.6) | 2768 (97.9) | 2278 (96.1) | 1815 (97.9) | 2302 (95.8) | 3440 (94.1) |
| Donor homozygous at A locus | 2501 (15.7) | 419 (15.0) | 419 (14.8) | 635 (26.8) | 218 (11.8) | 320 (13.3) | 490 (13.4) |
| Donor homozygous at B locus | 1366 (8.6) | 250 (8.9) | 239 (8.5) | 407 (17.2) | 41 (2.2) | 177 (7.4) | 252 (6.9) |
| Donor homozygous at DR locus | 1850 (11.6) | 272 (9.7) | 286 (10.1) | 548 (23.1) | 69 (3.7) | 289 (12.0) | 386 (10.6) |
| Recipient homozygous at A locus | 2781 (17.5) | 397 (14.2) | 396 (14.0) | 235 (9.9) | 443 (23.9) | 586 (24.4) | 724 (19.8) |
| Recipient homozygous at B locus | 1793 (11.3) | 166 (5.9) | 167 (5.9) | 87 (3.7) | 476 (25.7) | 440 (18.3) | 457 (12.5) |
| Recipient homozygous at DR locus | 2502 (15.7) | 167 (6.0) | 184 (6.5) | 109 (4.6) | 633 (34.1) | 650 (27.1) | 759 (20.8) |
| Number of mismatches at A locus | |||||||
| One | 7784 (48.9) | 1474 (52.7) | 1498 (53.0) | 955 (40.3) | 864 (46.6) | 1162 (48.4) | 1831 (50.1) |
| Two | 5598 (35.2) | 937 (33.5) | 966 (34.2) | 321 (13.5) | 835 (45.0) | 1051 (43.8) | 1488 (40.7) |
| Zero | 2521 (15.9) | 386 (13.8) | 362 (12.8) | 1094 (46.2) | 155 (8.4) | 188 (7.8) | 336 (9.2) |
| Number of mismatches at B locus | |||||||
| One | 10801 (67.9) | 2032 (72.6) | 2040 (72.2) | 1338 (56.5) | 501 (27.0) | 2015 (83.9) | 2875 (78.7) |
| Two | 2824 (17.8) | 211 (7.5) | 389 (13.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1331 (71.8) | 286 (11.9) | 607 (16.6) |
| Zero | 2278 (14.3) | 554 (19.8) | 397 (14.0) | 1032 (43.5) | 22 (1.2) | 100 (4.2) | 173 (4.7) |
| Number of mismatches at DR locus | |||||||
| One | 8205 (51.6) | 1553 (55.5) | 1804 (63.8) | 38 (1.6) | 844 (45.5) | 1346 (56.0) | 2620 (71.7) |
| Two | 1276 (8.0) | 15 (0.5) | 111 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 986 (53.2) | 45 (1.9) | 119 (3.3) |
| Zero | 6422 (40.4) | 1229 (43.9) | 911 (32.2) | 2332 (98.4) | 24 (1.3) | 1010 (42.0) | 916 (25.1) |
| HLA mismatch group | |||||||
| (0 DR and 2B) OR (1 DR and 1/0 B) | 8319 (52.3) | 1706 (61.0) | 1911 (67.6) | 38 (1.6) | 289 (15.6) | 1499 (62.4) | 2876 (78.7) |
| (1 DR and 2 B) OR (2 DR) | 2207 (13.9) | 43 (1.5) | 233 (8.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1565 (84.4) | 98 (4.1) | 268 (7.3) |
| 0 DR and 1/0 B | 4494 (28.3) | 1011 (36.1) | 662 (23.4) | 1506 (63.5) | 0 (0.0) | 804 (33.5) | 511 (14.0) |
| 0 Mismatches | 883 (5.6) | 37 (1.3) | 20 (0.7) | 826 (34.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Initial graft function | |||||||
| DGF | 3352 (21.1) | 466 (16.7) | 855 (30.3) | 370 (15.6) | 420 (22.7) | 345 (14.4) | 896 (24.5) |
| Immediate | 10826 (68.1) | 1968 (70.4) | 1571 (55.6) | 1774 (74.9) | 1187 (64.0) | 1858 (77.4) | 2468 (67.5) |
| PNF | 369 (2.3) | 69 (2.5) | 134 (4.7) | 20 (0.8) | 50 (2.7) | 17 (0.7) | 79 (2.2) |
| Predniscolone/predniscone immunosuppression 3 months post-transplant | |||||||
| No | 3843 (24.2) | 553 (19.8) | 605 (21.4) | 674 (28.4) | 354 (19.1) | 610 (25.4) | 1047 (28.6) |
| Yes | 9500 (59.7) | 1703 (60.9) | 1605 (56.8) | 1453 (61.3) | 1081 (58.3) | 1531 (63.7) | 2127 (58.2) |
| Graft status | |||||||
| Died functioning | 1861 (11.7) | 146 (5.2) | 362 (12.8) | 245 (10.3) | 193 (10.4) | 175 (7.3) | 740 (20.2) |
| Died unknown function | 45 (0.3) | 3 (0.1) | 16 (0.6) | 3 (0.1) | 6 (0.3) | 5 (0.2) | 12 (0.3) |
| Failed | 2030 (12.8) | 214 (7.7) | 543 (19.2) | 309 (13.0) | 181 (9.8) | 211 (8.8) | 572 (15.6) |
| Functioning | 11878 (74.7) | 2419 (86.5) | 1879 (66.5) | 1804 (76.1) | 1456 (78.5) | 2002 (83.3) | 2318 (63.4) |
| Allocation matchability score | 6.5 (2.8) | 4.9 (2.7) | 4.7 (2.7) | 5.6 (2.5) | 8.3 (2.1) | 8.2 (1.8) | 7.7 (2.1) |
| Serum creatinine (umol/L) at 3 months post-transplant | 152.3 (63.4) | 128.3 (40.2) | 209.8 (80.7) | 150.1 (54.4) | 141.5 (54.7) | 110.4 (30.6) | 163.0 (55.5) |
| Serum creatinine (umol/L) at 12 months post-transplant | 143.6 (58.8) | 121.9 (39.9) | 195.5 (75.9) | 144.8 (53.7) | 134.2 (51.8) | 107.2 (30.8) | 155.6 (53.0) |
| Follow-up time | 4.2 (2.9) | 2.5 (1.7) | 2.0 (1.6) | 6.1 (2.6) | 2.4 (1.9) | 6.6 (2.4) | 5.3 (2.6) |
| Transplant year | |||||||
| 2014 | 1484 (9.3) | 9 (0.3) | 34 (1.2) | 420 (17.7) | 21 (1.1) | 462 (19.2) | 538 (14.7) |
| 2015 | 1475 (9.3) | 17 (0.6) | 49 (1.7) | 389 (16.4) | 32 (1.7) | 421 (17.5) | 567 (15.5) |
| 2016 | 1630 (10.2) | 35 (1.3) | 88 (3.1) | 446 (18.8) | 47 (2.5) | 403 (16.8) | 611 (16.7) |
| 2017 | 1785 (11.2) | 85 (3.0) | 145 (5.1) | 445 (18.8) | 54 (2.9) | 421 (17.5) | 635 (17.4) |
| 2018 | 1920 (12.1) | 225 (8.0) | 249 (8.8) | 318 (13.4) | 114 (6.1) | 390 (16.2) | 624 (17.1) |
| 2019 | 1870 (11.8) | 355 (12.7) | 329 (11.6) | 213 (9.0) | 312 (16.8) | 198 (8.2) | 463 (12.7) |
| 2020 | 1462 (9.2) | 501 (17.9) | 354 (12.5) | 65 (2.7) | 339 (18.3) | 71 (3.0) | 132 (3.6) |
| 2021 | 1577 (9.9) | 594 (21.2) | 548 (19.4) | 43 (1.8) | 308 (16.6) | 23 (1.0) | 61 (1.7) |
| 2022 | 1420 (8.9) | 548 (19.6) | 531 (18.8) | 22 (0.9) | 288 (15.5) | 11 (0.5) | 20 (0.5) |
| 2023 | 745 (4.7) | 290 (10.4) | 309 (10.9) | 8 (0.3) | 133 (7.2) | 1 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) |
| 2024 | 536 (3.4) | 138 (4.9) | 190 (6.7) | 1 (0.0) | 206 (11.1) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Kidney used by local centre | |||||||
| No | 12057 (75.8) | 2472 (88.4) | 2420 (85.6) | 1764 (74.4) | 1579 (85.2) | 1644 (68.4) | 2178 (59.6) |
| Yes | 3831 (24.1) | 324 (11.6) | 403 (14.3) | 604 (25.5) | 275 (14.8) | 755 (31.4) | 1470 (40.2) |
- Citation: Castellanos De Brigard J, Rangganata E, Papalois VE. Machine perfusion distribution across clinical phenotypes in kidney transplantation: A national cohort study using unsupervised clustering. World J Transplant 2026; 16(3): 121821
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3230/full/v16/i3/121821.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5500/wjt.121821