Preconditioning with sufentanil confers protective effects in transplantation by attenuating hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Table 3 Cytoprotective effects of sufentanil in ischemia-reperfusion injury across different organs

Organ	Main protective mechanisms	Biological outcomes
Myocardium	miR-125a/DRAM2 axis; activation of ERK1/2 pathway; activation of PI3K/Akt-GSK-3β pathway; modulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expression	Regulation of cardiomyocyte autophagy and oxidative injury; reduction of apoptosis
Kidney	Upregulation of miR-145-mediated autophagy; inhibition of KCNQ1OT1 and HMGB1 expression, promotion of miR-211-5p expression; activation of the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1	Regulation of autophagy; alleviation of inflammatory infiltration; suppress of cell apoptosis and oxidative stress
Brain	Activation of the Akt/GSK-3β pathway	Suppression of oxidative stress-related inflammation and ferroptosis
Liver	Suppression of the p38/ERK/JNK/NF-κB-p65/COX-2 pathways; upregulation of ATF3 expression; HIF-1α/KCNQ1OT1 axis; inhibition of ATF4-Induced TP53BP2 expression	Regulation of inflammatory response; mitigation of ferroptosis; reduction of apoptosis

DRAM2: Damage-regulated autophagy modulator protein 2; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3K: Phosphoinositide-3 kinase; Akt: Activation of protein kinase B; GSK-3β: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase; NF-κB-p65: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65 subunit; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; ATF3: Activating transcription factor 3; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; ATF4: Activating transcription factor 4.