Rethinking chronic kidney disease risk after liver transplantation

Table 1 Summary of key non-immunosuppressive chronic kidney disease risk factors post-liver transplantation

Ref.	Risk factor category	Specific predictor	Clinical significance
Muñoz-Serrano et al[1], 2025	Demographics	Female sex	Independent risk factor for CKD at 1 year (OR = 1.88)
Li et al[5], 2018	Pre-transplant status	High pre-LT serum creatinine/Low GFR	Strongest independent predictor of long-term CKD (OR = 7.74 for Cr)
Li et al[5], 2018	Perioperative event	AKI within 7 days post-LT	Major independent determinant of CKD progression (OR = 2.72)
Li et al[5], 2018	Metabolic comorbidity	Hypertension (post-LT)	Powerful independent risk factor for new-onset CKD (OR = 4.833)
Canbay et al[7], 2016	Etiology/comorbidity	NAFLD/NASH cirrhosis	Pre-existing inflammatory/metabolic burden elevates inherent CKD risk
Mallamaci et al[6], 2024	Demographics	Older age	Non-modifiable primary risk factor for CKD

AKI: Acute kidney injury; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; Cr: Creatinine; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; LT: Liver transplantation; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; OR: Odds ratio.