Robotic-assisted donor and recipient hepatectomy in liver transplantation: An umbrella review of clinical outcomes, surgical performance, and cost-effectiveness

Table 6 Summary of findings (grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation) - robotic-assisted hepatectomy vs comparators in liver transplantation: Living liver donors - robotic vs open donor hepatectomy

Outcome	Assumed risk (comparator per 1000)	Corresponding risk (robotic per 1000)	Effect [RR/MD (95%CI)]	No. of studies (participants)	Certainty (GRADE)	Comments/footnotes
Operative time (minutes)	N/A (continuous outcome)	N/A (continuous outcome)	MD = +105 (68142)	6 studies; 2168 donors	Low	Robotic longer operative time; source Giglio et al[21], 2025 (ODH vs RADH section)
Blood loss (mL)	N/A (continuous outcome)	N/A (continuous outcome)	MD = -117 (-229 to -6)	6 studies; 2168 donors	Low	Robotic less blood loss; Giglio et al[21], 2025
Length of stay (days)	N/A (continuous outcome)	N/A (continuous outcome)	MD = -0.60 (-1.14 to -0.10)	6 studies; 2168 donors	Low	Robotic shorter LOS; Giglio et al[21], 2025
Minor complications (Clavien-Dindo I)	Not estimable (baseline risk not reported)	Not estimable (requires baseline or pooled RD)	OR = 5.14 (1.06-24.93)	2 studies; 216 donors	Low	OR 5.14 (1.06-24.93) (open vs robotic). Baseline not reported; absolute effect not estimable

N/A: Not applicable; GRADE: Grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation; ODH: One digital health; RADH: R-specific alcohol dehydrogenase; LOS: Length of stay; RR: Risk ratios; MD: Mean differences; RD: Risk difference.