Robotic-assisted donor and recipient hepatectomy in liver transplantation: An umbrella review of clinical outcomes, surgical performance, and cost-effectiveness

Table 1 Characteristics of included reviews

Ref.	Country	Population (scope)	Intervention	Comparator	Outcomes	Type of synthesis
Hobeika et al[20], 2025	France	HPB robotic surgery (liver & pancreas); transplantrelevant questions	Robotic hepatectomy	Open, laparoscopic	Practice recommendations; clinical safety/feasibility	Consensus guideline with embedded systematic review (context only; not graded)
Giglio et al[21], 2025	Italy	Living liver donors (RADH)	Robotic donor hepatectomy	Open ± laparoscopic	Clinical outcomes; surgical performance	Systematic review + meta-analysis
Pilz da Cunha et al[22], 2025	Netherlands	Adults undergoing liver resection (nontransplant); used as indirect evidence for recipients	RLR	Laparoscopic (LLR) ± open	Clinical outcomes (conversion, morbidity, LOS, etc.)	Systematic review + meta-analysis
Koh et al[23], 2024	Singapore	Adults undergoing liver resection (nontransplant); used as indirect evidence for recipients	Robotic (RLR) (plus LLR/OLR in network)	Network across RLR, LLR, OLR	Clinical outcomes; costs (total, procedural, hospitalization); costeffectiveness	Network meta-analysis (clinical + economic)
Broering et al[24], 2024	Germany	Minimally invasive organ transplantation (multiorgan); includes liver donor/recipient subset	Robotic and laparoscopic approaches (donor/recipient)	Open and/or laparoscopic	Clinical, surgical performance, cost (pooled where available)	Systematic review + meta-analysis (perspective with embedded systematic review + meta-analysis)

RLR: Robotic liver resection; LLR: Laparoscopic resections; OLR: Open surgery; HPB: Hepato-pancreato-biliary; RADH: Robotic-assisted donor hepatectomy; LOS: Length of stay.