Ocular complications after liver transplantation: A comprehensive review of infectious and non-infectious etiologies

Table 1 Summary of infectious ocular complications post-liver transplant

Infection type	Pathogen(s)	Typical clinical features	Diagnostic method	Treatment
CMV retinitis	Cytomegalovirus	Retinal hemorrhage, necrosis	Fundoscopy, PCR	Valganciclovir, ganciclovir
Herpetic keratitis	HSV-1, HSV-2	Dendritic corneal ulcer	Slit-lamp, PCR	Acyclovir, foscarnet
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus	Varicella zoster virus	Pseudodendritic, periocular pustular skin eruption	Slit-lamp, PCR	Acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir
Candida endophthalmitis, Candida retinitis	Candida spp.	Endophthalmitis Retinitis: Creamy raised retinal lesions	Slit-lamp, Fundus exam, PCR	Fluconazole, voriconazole, intravitreal amphotericin B
Aspergillus endophthalmitis	Aspergillus species, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus	Corneal ulcer, satellite lesions, fluffy white-pre-retinal lesions	Fundoscopy	Voriconazole, amphotericin B
Rhino-orbital cerebral zygomycosis	Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia	Diplopia, Ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, decreased visual acuity, blindness	MRI/CT, PCR	Amphotericin B, debridement

CMV: Cytomegalovirus retinitis; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; HSV: Herpes simplex virus; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; CT: Computed tomography.