Silent cardiac burden: Echocardiographic abnormalities and their predictors in kidney transplant candidates and their impact on graft function

Table 3 Predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	LVH	No LVH	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age			0.28
18-50 years	49 (33)	100 (67)
> 50 years	43 (39)	66 (61)
Gender			0.004	2.51 (1.17-5.41)	0.02
Male	76 (42)	91 (58)
Female	25 (25)	75 (75)
Obesity	29 (33)	60 (67)	0.49
BMI ranges			0.78
< 25	46 (38)	76 (62)
25-30	25 (33)	51 (67)
> 30	21 (35)	39 (65)
PH	34 (52)	58 (30)	0.002	2.07 (1.11-3.86)	0.02
Mitral regurgitation (grade 2-4)	49 (39)	33 (35)	0.56
Tricuspid regurgitation	33 (37)	59 (36)	0.89
Aortic regurgitation	18 (40)	74 (35)	0.61
LVSD	17 (55)	14 (45)	0.016	2.11 (0.89-5.02)	0.09
DD	38 (54)	33 (46)	< 0.001	2.47 (1.29-4.73)	0.006
MR (grade 2-3)	49 (39)	77 (61)	0.58
TR	59 (36)	107 (64)	0.89
AR	18 (40)	27 (60)	0.61
Hypertension	91 (36)	160 (64)	0.43
Pericardial effusion	18 (44)	33 (56)	0.24
Dyslipidemia	46 (48)	50 (52)	0.002	1.94 (1.07-3.53)	0.03
Smoking	49 (40)	72 (60)	0.13	0.46 (0.36-1.58)	0.46
Diabetes	15 (44)	19 (56)	0.27
Impaired fasting glucose	55 (42)	75 (58)	0.03	1.38 (0.76-2.50)	0.30
Hyperuricemia	27 (35)	50 (65)	0.90
Duration of dialysis in months	22.23 ± 19.71	23.00 ± 23.15	0.79
Total-cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.49 ± 1.27	4.36 ± 1.09	0.40
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.93 ± 3.16	2.55 ± 0.90	0.26
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.25 ± 0.50	1.23 ± 0.49	0.74
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.72 ± 1.17	1.54 ± 1.12	0.23
Phosphate (mmol/L)	1.54 ± 0.56	1.53 ± 0.57	0.88
PTH (pmol/L)	22.68 ± 25.95	29.52 ± 27.12	0.17	1.00 (0.98-1.02)	0.79
Family history of coronary artery disease	4 (20)	16 (80)	0.13	0.37 (0.11-1.30)	0.12
Pre-emptive transplant	6 (43)	8 (57)	0.82
Hemodialysis	74 (36)	133 (64)
Peritoneal dialysis	12 (33)	24 (67)

AR: Aortic regurgitation; DD: Diastolic dysfunction; LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy; LVSD: Left ventricular systolic dysfunction; MR: Mitral regurgitation; PH: Pulmonary hypertension; TR: Tricuspid regurgitation.