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Systematic Reviews
©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Transplant. Dec 18, 2025; 15(4): 108413
Published online Dec 18, 2025. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v15.i4.108413
Table 3 summarizing the bias assessment
Type of bias
Description
Impact on study
Selection biasParticipants may not have been randomly selected, leading to potential skewing of outcomesMay affect the generalizability of findings; results may not reflect the broader population
Reporting biasPositive outcomes may be reported more prominently than negative or inconclusive resultsCan lead to an overestimation of treatment effectiveness and misrepresentation of intervention success
Confounding factorsLack of control for variables such as severity of chylous ascites and comorbiditiesMay obscure true treatment effects and complicate the interpretation of results
Publication biasStudies with favorable results are more likely to be published than those with negative resultsCan create a skewed perception of the effectiveness of treatments, leading to biased conclusions
Data quality biasVariability in the quality of data collection across studies may introduce errorsAffects the reliability of findings and the overall conclusions drawn from the review


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