Towards curing type 1 diabetes: Prospects and challenges of allogeneic or xenogeneic donor islet cell transplantation

Figure 5 World challenge in manufacturing mature, fine-tuned cells for transplantation. A: Clinical trials in xenotransplantation of immature pig islet cells to recipient patients have never achieved insulin independence; B: Clinical trials in allotransplantation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic precursor cells to recipient patients never achieved insulin independence; C: Clinical trials in allotransplantation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived insulin-secreting cells (known as SC-islets) are currently ongoing. PSC: Pluripotent stem cell; hPSC: Human pluripotent stem cell; T1D: Type 1 diabetes.