Cardiac transplantation: A review of current status and emerging innovations

Table 2 Common systemic complications after heart transplantation

System	Complications
Cardiovascular	Coronary artery disease
	Arrhythmias
	Hypertension
	Graft vasculopathy (cardiac allograft vasculopathy)
Renal	Chronic kidney disease
	Acute kidney injury (often due to immunosuppressive drugs like calcineurin inhibitors)
Pulmonary	Opportunistic infections (e.g., CMV, fungal infections)
	Pulmonary edema
	Pleural effusion
Gastrointestinal	Peptic ulcer disease
	Gastrointestinal bleeding
	Hepatotoxicity (due to medications)
Hematologic	Anemia
	Leukopenia
	Thrombocytopenia
Endocrine	Diabetes mellitus (NODAT)
	Hyperlipidemia
	Osteoporosis
Neurological	Seizures
	Peripheral neuropathy
	Cognitive dysfunction
Infectious	CMV infection
	Bacterial infections (e.g., pneumonia, sepsis)
	Fungal infections (e.g., aspergillosis)
Immunologic	Acute rejection
	Chronic rejection
	PTLD
Musculoskeletal	Myopathy (due to steroids)
	Avascular necrosis
	Osteopenia

CMV: Cytomegalovirus; NODAT: New-onset diabetes after transplantation; PTLD: Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder.