Tuberculosis in kidney transplant candidates and recipients

Table 1 Risk factors for tuberculosis in transplant candidates and recipients

Risk factors in transplant candidates	Risk factors in transplant recipients
Presence of comorbidities: Diabetes mellitus, COPD	Donor-derived tuberculosis
Smoking	Co-existing infections: COVID-19, HIV, Nocardiosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii, CMV
Transplant candidate age: Young and Elderly	Induction: Anti-T-lymphocyte antibodies or OKT3
Immunomodulatory states: Chronic HCV infection, CMV infection	Maintenance immunosuppression: Antiproliferative agents (MMF); Prednisolone-Azathioprine; immunosuppression; Everolimus
Chronic liver disease	Graft rejection: Intensification of immunosuppression
Dialysis vintage	Genetic factors: HLA A68(28)/A69(28) locus (in Indian sub-population)
Previous history of tuberculosis or TBI: Positive tuberculin test or chest X-ray; suggestive of previous infection	—
Family history of tuberculosis	—
Other co-existing infections: COVID19, HIV	—

—: No data. CMV: Cytomegalovirus; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HLA: Human leucocyte antigen; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; OKT3: Orthoclone muromonab CD3; TBI: Tuberculosis infection.