Management strategies for common viral infections in pediatric renal transplant recipients

Table 2 Post-transplant screening and diagnostic work-up for kidney transplant recipients

CMV	Quantitative CMV viral load
	Diagnosis- presence of CMV DNA in whole blood or plasma
	Tissue biopsy
	Diagnosis- presence of CMV inclusion or immunostaining
	CMV serology
	Diagnosis- presence of CMV IgG post kidney transplantation in
	CMV R- patients
EBV	Quantitative EBV viral load
	Tissue biopsy
	EBV serology
BKPyV	Urine cytology
	Quantitative BK viral load in urine
	Quantitative BK viral load in plasma
	Allograft biopsy
HSV	Direct fluorescence antibody for HSV from vesicular lesions or PCR from CSF or visceral tissue samples
VZV	Direct fluorescence antibody for VZV from vesicular lesions or PCR from CSF or visceral tissue samples
Hepatitis B & C	HBV
	HBsAg and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (antiHBc)
	HCV
	HCV antibody test
Respiratory viruses	Nasopharyngeal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) specimens, (in the case of Adeno virus - stools or plasma), by conventional viral culture, PCR, or direct immunofluorescence

CMV: Cytomegalovirus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; BKPyV: Human BK polyomavirus; HSV: Herpes simplex viruses; VZV: Varicella zoster virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.