Managing cardiovascular disease risk in South Asian kidney transplant recipients

Table 1 Features of cardiovascular disease particular to South Asians when compared to other ethnic groups

Epidemiology	Clinical features	Laboratory features
↑ Prevalence, ↑ mortality	↑ Type 2 diabetes	↑ Serum triglycerides
↓ Age at presentation, ↓ age at mortality	↓ Hypertension awareness	↓ Serum HDL cholesterol
↑ Severity by angiography	↑ Central obesity	↑ Small-dense HDL cholesterol
↑ Difficult revascularization	↑ Intra-abdominal adiposity	↑ Small-dense LDL cholesterol
↑ Carbohydrate intake	↑ Insulin resistance	↓ Serum total and high molecular weight adiponectin
↑ Saturated fat intake	↓ Age at pancreatic β-cell dysfunction	↑ Serum leptin
↓ Physical activity	↑ Fatty liver	↑ Serum homocysteine
	↑ Metabolic syndrome	↑ Vitamin D deficiency
	↓ Left ventricular mass index	↓ Non-HDL-cholesterol/apolipoprotein B ratio
	↓ Skeletal muscle mass	↓ Endothelial NO
	↓ Accurate estimate of glomerular filtration rate	↑ Lipoprotein (a)
		↑ Fibrinogen

HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; NO: Nitric oxide.