Native and transplant kidney histopathological manifestations in association with COVID-19 infection: A systematic review

Table 2 Native kidney biopsy outcomes of acute tubular injury and necrosis in coronavirus disease 2019 cases

Ref.	Age	Sex	Ethnicity	Comorbidities	Renal presentation	Baseline creatinine (mg/dL)	Presentation Creatinine (mg/dL)	Presentation proteinuria (g/day)	Presentation albumin (g/L)	Treatment received	Outcome (renal and survival)	RRT needed	Time to biopsy	Haematuria
Sharma et al[14]	62	M	Hispanic	T2DM	AKI and proteinuria	-	1.2	3	-	Steroid, HCQ, anakinra, plasma	Died	Yes	-	Yes
Sharma et al[14]	69	M	Hispanic	HTN	AKI, proteinuria, anti-cardiolipin positive	-	0.9	2.4	-	Steroid, HCQ, anakinra, plasma	Died	Yes	-	Yes
Sharma et al[14]	76	F	Caucasian	T2DM, HTN	Severe AKI and Proteinuria	-	1 (peak 4.4)	0.9	-	None	DI	No	-	No
Sharma et al[14]	59	M	Black	HTN, CCF	AKI, Proteinuria and raised K:L ratio	-	4.5 (peak 6)	2.8	-	None	DI	No	-	Yes
Sharma et al[14]	69	F	Black	HTN, Hyperlipidaemia	AKI NRP	-	1.9	7.6	-	Steroids	DD	Yes	-	No
Kudose et al[13]	43	F	Black	T2DM, HLD, streptococcal infection, obesity (BMI 52.5)	AKI	-	3.5 (peak 6.7)	1	-	None	DD	Yes	-	Yes
Kudose et al[13]	67	M	Caucasian	HTN, Gout, Obese	AKI on CKD	-	5.7	0.3	-	Tocilizumab, HCQ, azithromycin	DD	Yes	-	Yes
Kudose et al[13]	51	M	Black	HTN, AF, HLD, CVA, BPH	AKI on CKD	1.8	4.8	0.5	-	HCQ	DI	No	-	Yes
Akilesh et al[17]	34	F	Caucasian	HTN, T2DM	AKI NS	-	1.2	7	-	-	DI	No	Day 4	No
Akilesh et al[17]	67	F	Hispanic	HTN	AKI	-	1.4	1	-	-	DI	No	Day 5	Yes
Lenti et al[31]	25	M	Caucasian	-	AKI NS	-	3.8	0.48	-	-	-	-	-	-
Rossi et al[32]	49	M	Caucasian	Obesity	AKI	-	-	-	-	HCQ, Lopinavir/Ritonavir	DI	Required when in hospital	-	-
Papadimitriou et al[33]	52	M	-	HIV, HTN, coronary artery disease, Factor V deficiency	AKI	Normal	7.5	1.85	-	-	DD	Yes	Day 10	-
Papadimitriou et al[33]	64	M	-	AF, hyperlipidaemia, gout	AKI	1	1.4	-	-	I&V, IV heparin then apixaban (AF), 4 units blood following haematemesis, meropenem (E. coli in sputum), RRT day 22 to 33, MRSA > linezolid	DI	Yes	Day 84	-

AKI: Acute kidney injury; AF: Atrial fibrillation; BPH: Benign prostatic hypertrophy; CCF: Congestive cardiac failure; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident; DD: Dialysis dependent at hospital discharge; DI: Dialysis independent at hospital discharge; DSA: Donor specific antibodies; HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HLD: Hyperlipidaemia; HTN: Hypertension; I&V: Intubated and ventilated; K:L ratio: Kappa:lambda light chain ratio; RRT: Renal replacement therapy; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.