Oral creatine supplementation: A potential adjunct therapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients

Table 3 Summary of studies investigating the effects of creatine supplementation on sarcopenia and function in older adults over 60 years

Treatment arm(mean age ± SD)	Supplementation period	Study design	Body composition changes	Physical function changes	Ref.
10 males (66.7 ± 1.9 yr)	20 g/d for 10 d followed by 4 g/d for 20 d	vs PL group (dextrose) (n = 10)	2Body density, 2LM, 2%BF	1Leg fatigue performance	[99]
9 males (65.0 ± 2.1 yr)	20 g/d for 5 d	vs PL group (sucrose) (n = 8)	1BM, 2LM	2Strength	[100]
10 females (67.0 ± 6.0 yr)	0.3 g per kg/day for 7 d	vs PL group (n = 6)	No details	1Objective function tests, 2Endurance capacity	[97]
10 males (65.4 ± 1.5 yr)	0.3 g per kg/day for 7 d	vs PL group (powdered cellulose) (n = 8)	1BM, 1LM	1Strength, 1Power, 1Objective function tests	[55]
15 females (63.3 ± 1.2 yr)	0.3 g per kg/day for 7 d	vs PL group (powdered cellulose) (n = 12)	1BM, 1LM, 2%BF	1Strength, 1Objective function tests	[98]
7 males and 8 females (74.5 ± 6.4 yr)	20 g/d for 7 d followed by 10 g/d for 7 d	Cross-over design	2BM	1Strength, 1Endurance (cycling capacity at fatigue threshold), 2Objective function tests	[101]
7 males (72.5 ± 2.5 yr)	20 g/d for 5 d	vs PL group (maltodextrin) (n = 5)	1BM, 2LM	2MVC or contractile force	[102]
4 males and 4 females (71.0 ± 1.9 yr)	20 g/d for 5 d followed by 3 g/d for 8 wk	vs PL (glucose) (n = 8)	2Lower limb volume, 2BM, 2%BF	2Strength 2Endurance	[103]
15 females (66.1 ± 4.8 yr)	20 g/d for 5 d followed by 5 g/d for 23 wk	vs PL (dextrose) (n = 15)	1LM, 2FM	1Strength 1Objective function tests	[104]

¹Significant increase/improvement;

²No significant change (^aP < 0.05 for interaction between placebo and Cr group). Cr: Creatine; PL: Placebo; BM: Body mass; %BF: Percent body fat; FM: Fat mass; LM: Lean mass; MVC: Maximal voluntary contraction; No details: No details are specified or this measure was not made.