Deliberate self-harm among pediatric psychiatric inpatients in China: A single-center retrospective study

Table 1 Sample demographic and clinical characteristics (n = 1414)

Characteristic	n (%)
Year
2014	135 (9.55)
2015	150 (10.61)
2016	184 (13.01)
2017	208 (14.71)
2018	315 (22.28)
2019	422 (29.84)
Main diagnosis
Depression	427 (30.20)
Bipolar disorder	188 (13.30)
Schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorder	366 (25.88)
Neurodevelopmental disorder	275 (19.45)
Others	158 (11.17)
Gender
Male	721 (50.99)
Female	693 (49.01)
Age (yr)
≤ 12	144 (10.18)
13-18	1270 (89.82)
Census registration
Rural	890 (62.94)
City	524 (37.06)
Occupation
Student	970 (68.60)
Employed	17 (1.20)
Not working or studying	427 (30.20)
Marital status of parents
Normal	1354 (95.76)
Abnormal	60 (4.24)
Family history of psychiatric illness
Positive	172 (12.16)
Negative	1215 (85.93)
Unknown	27 (1.91)
Substance use
Yes	26 (1.84)
No	1388 (98.16)
History of physical abuse
Yes	9 (0.64)
No	1384 (97.88)
Unknown	21 (1.49)
DSH
Yes	239 (16.90)
No	1175 (83.10)
Types of DSH
Cutting	115 (48.12)
Scratching	14 (5.86)
Hitting	36 (15.06)
Puncturing	4 (1.67)
Swallow medications	3 (1.26)
Refusing foods	16 (6.69)
Biting	9 (3.77)
Multiple ways	21 (8.79)
Others	6 (2.51)
Unknown	15 (6.28)

DSH: Deliberate self-harm.

Table 2 Risk factors of children and adolescents psychiatric in patients with and without deliberate self-harm (n = 1414)

Factors	No. of patients (%)		χ2/Z	P value
	With DSH	Without DSH
Main diseases			157.308	< 0.001
Depression	151 (35.36)	276 (64.64)
Bipolar disorder	4 (2.13)	184 (97.87)
Schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorder	33 (9.02)	333 (90.98)
Neurodevelopmental disorder	34 (12.36)	241 (87.64)
Others	17 (10.76)	141 (89.24)
Gender			58.463	< 0.001
Male	68 (9.43)	653 (90.57)
Female	171 (24.68)	522 (75.32)
Age (yr)			2.212	0.137
≤12	18 (12.50)	126 (87.50)
13-18	221 (17.40)	1049 (82.60)
Census registration			-	0.4051
Rural	151 (16.97)	739 (83.03)
City	88 (16.79)	436 (83.21)
Occupation			16.193	< 0.001
Student	190 (19.59)	780 (80.41)
Employed	1 (5.88)	16 (94.12)
Not working or studying	48 (11.24)	379 (88.76)
Marital status of parents			9.725	0.002
Normal	220 (16.25)	1134 (83.76)
Abnormal	19 (31.67)	41 (68.33)
Family history of psychiatric illness			27.310	< 0.001
Positive	5 (2.91)	167 (97.09)
Negative	229 (18.85)	986 (81.15)
Unknown	5 (18.52)	22 (81.48)
Substance use			-	0.1841
Yes	7 (26.92)	19 (73.08)
No	232 (16.71)	1156 (83.29)
History of physical abuse			-	0.0331
Yes	4 (44.44)	5 (55.56)
No	234 (16.91)	1150 (83.09)
Unknown	1 (4.76)	20 (95.24)

¹Fisher's exact test.

DSH: Deliberate self-harm.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of deliberate self-harm behavior

Factors	P value	OR (95%CI)
Main diseases
Depression	< 0.001	3.845 (2.196-6.732)
Schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorder	0.356	0.738 (0.387-1.407)
Bipolar disorder	0.004	0.188 (0.060-0.589)
Neurodevelopmental disorder	0.453	1.283 (0.669-2.460)
Others		1.000
Gender
Male		1.000
Female	< 0.001	2.536 (1.815-3.542)
Occupation
Student	0.091	1.398 (0.948-2.063)
Employed	0.847	1.233 (0.146-10.389)
Not working or studying		1.000
Marital status of parents
Normal		1.000
Abnormal	< 0.001	5.387 (2.254-12.875)
Family history of psychiatric illness
Yes		1.000
No	< 0.001	7.767 (2.952-20.433)
Unknown	< 0.001	54.444 (5.758-514.780)
History of physical abuse
No		1.000
Yes	0.088	5.296 (0.783-35.846)
Unknown	0.005	0.020 (0.001-0.312)