Comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: An overview of trends in research

Table 4 Prevalence of anxiety disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder: Evidence from selected large-scale clinical studies

	Any anxiety disorder	Individual anxiety disorders
Stanley foundation studies
McElroy et al[100], 2001 (n = 288)	Lifetime rate 42%; Current rate 30%	PD lifetime 20%, current 9%; SOC PHOBIA lifetime 16%, current 13%; SP PHOBIA lifetime 10%, current 8%; OCD lifetime 9%, current 8%; PTSD lifetime 7%, current 4%; GAD lifetime 3%, current 3%
Suppes et al[101], 2001 (n = 261)	Lifetime rate 44%
Dittmann et al[102], 2002 (n = 152)	Lifetime rate 12%
Levander et al[103], 2007 (n = 350)	Lifetime rate BD 46%; BP I 45%-48%; BP II 38%-58%
Altshuler et al[104], 2010 (n = 711)	Lifetime rate: women 46%, men 29%	Lifetime rates: PD women 21%, men 14%; SOC PHOBIA women 12%, men 10%; SP PHOBIA women 12%, men 4%; OCD women 12%, men 7%; PTSD women 11%, men 3%; AGORA women 3%, men 2%
STEP-BD
Kogan et al[105], 2004 (n = 1000)	Lifetime rate 47%
Perlis et al[106], 2004 (n = 983)	Prevalence rate 38%-69%	SOC PHOBIA 13%-31%, GAD 13%-29%, PD 14%-27%, PTSD 11%-27%, OCD 8%-13%, AGORA 5%-11%
Simon et al[107], 2004 (n = 475)	Lifetime rate BD 51%; BP I/BP II 53%/46%; Current BD 30%; BP I/BP II 34%/19%;	Lifetime BD: SAD 22%, GAD 18%, PD 17%, PTSD 17%, OCD 10%, AGORA 8%; current BD: SAD 13%, PD 8%, OCD 6%, PTSD 5%, AGORA 4%, GAD 2%
Simon et al[108], 2004 (n = 919)	Current rate 32%	GAD 13%, SAD 13%, PD 8%, OCD 7%, PTSD 5%, AGORA 4%
Otto et al[109], 2006 (n = 1000)	Current rate 32%	Current rates: SAD 13%, GAD13%, PD 8%, OCD 7%, PTSD 5%, AGORA 4%
Simon et al[110], 2007 (n = 120)	Lifetime rate 62%; current rate 29%	GAD lifetime 31%, current 13%; SAD lifetime 27%, current 14%; PD lifetime 22%, current 5%; PTSD lifetime 27%, current 11%; OCD lifetime 11%, current 6%; AGORA lifetime 9%, current 2%
Other studies
Vieta et al[111], 2001 (n =129)		PD 2%, SOC PHOBIA 2%, SP PHOBIA 2%, OCD 2%
MacKinnon et al[112], 2002 (n = 192)		Prevalence PD 14%
Henry et al[113], 2003 (n = 318)	Lifetime rates 24%	Lifetime rates: PD 16%, PHOBIAS 11%, OCD 3%
Boylan et al[114], 2004 (n = 138)	Prevalence 56%
Bauer et al[14], 2005 (n = 328)	Lifetime rate 43%; current rate 38%	PTSD lifetime 28%, current 25%; PD lifetime 20%, current 17%; OCD lifetime 11%, current 8%
Mantere[28], 2007 (n = 191)	Lifetime rate: BD 53%, BP I 46%, BP II 60%; current rate: BD 45%, BP I 36%, BP II 52%	PD lifetime 32%, current 24%; SOC PHOBIA lifetime 26%, current 18%; PTSD lifetime 16%, current 10%; GAD lifetime 15%; SP PHOBIA lifetime 8%, current 8%; OCD lifetime 5%, current 2%; AGORA lifetime 3%, current 2%
Azorin et al[115], 2009 (n = 1090)	Lifetime rate 27%	Lifetime rates: GAD 20%, PD 5%, AGORA 4%, SOC PHOBIA 2%, PTSD 2%, OCD 1.5%
Coryell et al[116], 2009 (n = 259)		Lifetime rates: PHOBIA 3%-6%, GAD 1%-5%, PD 1%-4%, OCD 2%
Gao et al[117], 2010 (n = 564)	Prevalence in RCBD 46%
Guo et al[118], 2010 (n = 136763)	Prevalence 36%-37%
Mantere et al[119], 2010 (n =191)	Current rate 31%-44%
Fracalanza et al[120], 2011 (n = 186)	Current rate 33%	Current rates: SAD 39%, PD 31%, OCD 16%, GAD 10%, PTSD 3%
Goes et al[121], 2012 (n = 1416)		Prevalence: PD 23%, SP PHOBIA 10%, SOC PHOBIA 8%, OCD 6%
Chang et al[122], 2012 (n = 325)	Lifetime rates: BP I 27%, BP II 39%	Lifetime rates (BPI/BP II): GAD 10%/29%, PD 5%/9%, SOC PHOBIA 4%/5%, PTSD 3%/2%, OCD 2%/4%, SP PHOBIA 1%/4%
Angst et al[123], 2013 (n = 903)	Mean prevalence: BP I 17%; BP II 27%	Mean prevalence (BP I/BP II): GAD 6%/12%, PD 12%/18%, SOC PHOBIA 5%/8%, OCD 6%/11%
Castilla-Puentes et al[124], 2013 (n = 8129 youth)	Prevalence: Non RCBD 51%; RCBD 65%; BP I 41%-65%; BP II 69%-75%;	Prevalence (RCBD): GAD 55%, SAD 44%, OCD 11%, PTSD 9%, PD 9%, SP PHOBIA 8%
Young et al[125], 2013 (n = 304)	Lifetime rate 22%	PD 40%, SP PHOBIA 24%, OCD 15%, GAD 13%, SAD 10%, AGORA 8%
Asaad et al[126], 2014 (n = 350)	Prevalence 2.3%
Baek et al[127], 2014 (n = 417)	Lifetime rate 30%	Lifetime rates: PD 13%, SP PHOBIA 13%, OCD 13%, SOC PHOBIA 9%

BD: Bipolar disorder; BP I: Bipolar disorder subtype I; BP II: Bipolar disorder subtype II; RCBD: Rapid cycling bipolar disorder; STEP-BD: Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder.