Comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: An overview of trends in research

Table 3 Prevalence of anxiety disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder: Evidence from epidemiological studies

	Any anxiety disorder	Individual anxiety disorders
Lifetime prevalence rates
ECA[72-74]		OCD 21%, PD 21%
NCS[75-77]	BD 93%	SP PHOBIA 67%, AGORA 62%, SOC PHOBIA 47%, GAD 43%, PTSD 39%, PD 33%, OCD 21%
NCS-R[78-80]	ANY BD 75%, BP I 87%, BP II 83%-89%, ST-BD 63%-72%	SOC PHOBIA 38%, SP PHOBIA 35%, SAD 35%, GAD 30%, PTSD 24%, PD 20%, OCD 14%-23%, AGORA 6%
WMH[81]	Bipolar spectrum 63%, BP I 77%, BP II 75%, ST-BD 53%	1SP PHOBIA 30%, 1SAD 29%, SOC PHOBIA 26%, GAD 20%, PTSD 19%, OCD 12%, PD 11%, AGORA 6%
NESARC[82-84]2	BD 60%, BP I 65%, BP II 45%	PD 53%, GAD 51%, SAD 48%, SP PHOBIA 21%-34%, PD 19%-33%, GAD 18%-32%, SOC PHOBIA 18%-26%, AGORA 0.2%-1%
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada[87]		PHOBIA 54%, PD 18%, OCD 15%
OADP study[88]	33% among adolescents with BD	SEP ANX 18%-22%, PHOBIA 4%-11%, PD 3%-11%, OCD 3%
Zurich Cohort Study[89]	Hypomania - any anxiety disorders 46%- 78%	SOC PHOBIA 10%-36%, AGORA 7%-29%, SP PHOBIA 10%-23%, PD 12%-22%, OCD 5%-6%
National Epidemiologic Survey, Hungary[90]	BD 39%	GAD 14%, SP PHOBIA 13%, PD 11%, AGORA 9%, SOC PHOBIA 8%, OCD 3%
Population-based study from Hungary[91]	BP I 54%, BP II 100%	AGORA 22%-37%, GAD 10%-21%, SP PHOBIA 9%-17%, PD 7%-12%, SOC PHOBIA 4%-12%
Sesto Fiorentino Study, Italy[92]		In BD and ST-BD: GAD 28%-39%, SOC PHOBIA 13%-20%, OCD 16%-17%; PD 6%-16%, SP PHOBIA 4%
EDSP study[93]	BP I 55%, BP II 59%, ST-BD 53% (in 14-24-year-olds with BD)	SP PHOBIA 19%-38%, GAD 10%-18%, SOC PHOBIA 14%-16%, AGORA 5%-16%, OCD 3%-16%, PD 3%-12%, PTSD 9%-11%
Canadian Community Health Survey[94,95]	BD 52%-61%
Singapore Mental Health Study[96]		In BD: OCD 26%, GAD 18%
Current prevalence rates
Australian National Survey[97]	BD 52%	PD 26%, GAD 25%, SOC PHOBIA 19%, PTSD 11%, OCD 9%, AGORA 6%
Australian National Survey[98]	BD 7%-9%	SOC PHOBIA 5%-7%, PTSD 4%-7%, GAD 4%-6%, PD 4%-5%, OCD 4%-5%, AGORA 2%-3%
Canadian Community Health Survey[99]	BD 29%	SOC PHOBIA 17%, PD 13%, AGORA 3%

¹Only for bipolar spectrum disorders; ²National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) prevalence among elderly-generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): lifetime 2.5%; current 1%, and panic disorder (PD)-lifetime 2.5%; current 2%-NESARC prevalence among youth-lifetime anxiety disorder 15%; GAD 29%-PD 22%-Social phobia 14%[85,86]. BD: Bipolar disorder; BP I; Bipolar disorder subtype I; BP II: Bipolar disorder subtype II; ST-BD: Sub-threshold bipolar disorder; ECA: Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study; NCS: National Comorbidity Survey; NCS-R: National Comorbidity Survey-Replication study; WMH: World Mental Health surveys; NESARC: National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions; OADP: Oregon Adolescent Depression Project; EDSP: Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology study; AGORA: Agoraphobia; GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder; OCD: Obsessive compulsive disorder; PD: Panic disorder; PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder; SAD: Social anxiety disorder; SEP ANX: Separation anxiety disorder; SOC PHOBIA: Social phobia; SP PHOBIA: Specific phobia.