Comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: An overview of trends in research

Table 2 Prevalence of anxiety disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder: Evidence from open reviews

Ref.	Any anxiety disorder	Individual anxiety disorders
Himmelhoch[45], 1998		Lifetime prevalence of PD in BD 21%; prevalence of BD in PD 14%-34%
Hantouche et al[46], 2002		Prevalence of BD in OCD 11%-16%, cyclothymia 50%-56%
Freeman et al[6], 2002	Lifetime and current rates 32%-79%	SOC PHOBIA lifetime 8%-47%; PTSD lifetime 39%; current 40%-43%; PD lifetime 11%-21%; current 2%-9%; OCD lifetime 9%-21%; current 35%
McIntyre et al[47], 2003	Lifetime rate 92%	Lifetime rates SP PHOBIA 67%, SOC PHOBIA 47%, GAD 42%, PTSD 39%, PD 33%
Sasson et al[12], 2003	Lifetime rate 60%-65%	SOC PHOBIA 10%-40%, OCD 7%-35%, SP PHOBIA 10%, PTSD 7%, GAD 3%
Ghaemi[48], 2004	Lifetime rate > 90%	GAD 50%, PD 20%, OCD 20%
Goldberg et al[2], 2004	Epidemiological studies > 90%; clinical 4%-50%
Issler et al[13], 2004	Lifetime rate 24% to 79%
McIntyre et al[49], 2004	Lifetime rate 42%-90%; current rate 30%	PD 9%-20%, SOC PHOBIA 13%-16%, SP PHOBIA 8%-10%, GAD 3%, OCD 8%-9%, PTSD 4%-7%
Otto et al[50], 2004		Mean prevalence of PTSD in BD 16%
Bauer et al[14], 2005	Lifetime rate 16%-42% and current rate 30%-31% in clinical studies	PTSD lifetime 7%-50%; current 4%-40% PD lifetime 4%-38%; current 8% OCD lifetime 3%-35%; current 6%-8% GAD lifetime 3%-32%; current 2%-3%; SOC PHOBIA lifetime 0%-31%; current 13% SP PHOBIA lifetime 10%-20%; current 8%
Hirschfeld et al[24], 2005	Lifetime rate 42%-92%	PD 21% OCD 21%
Simon et al[51], 2005	Lifetime rate 50%; current rate 30%	PD lifetime rates 14%-38%; PD current rates 4%-9%
Baldassano[52], 2006	Lifetime rate 51%-65%; current rate 7%
Keller[27], 2006	Lifetime rates 51%-65%
MacKinnon et al[53], 2006		Prevalence PD - community studies 12%-35%; clinical studies 5%-63%; family studies 11%-21%
Sajatovic et al[54], 2006	Prevalence 23% among elderly patients	Prevalence PTSD 44%, others 43%, GAD 23%, PD 6%, OCD 5%, AGORA 3%, SOC PHOBIA 0.5%, SP PHOBIA 0.2%
Singh et al[55], 2006	Mean prevalence 55%	Mean prevalence SOC PHOBIA 47%, PTSD 16%, PD 11%, OCD 10%
Dineen Wagner[56], 2006	Prevalence in community studies 29%-50% and clinical samples 14%-76% of anxiety comorbidity in child and adolescent BD	Prevalence: OCD 9%-49%, SOC PHOBIA 3%-33%, GAD 19%-20%, SEP ANX 13%-57%, AGORA 15%-27%, PD 6%-11%, PTSD 18%
Bhagwagar[21], 2007	Lifetime rate > 50%
MacKinnon[57], 2007		Prevalence PD 15%-20%
Mantere[28], 2007	Lifetime rate 42%-56%; current rate 30%
El-Mallakh et al[17], 2008	Lifetime rate 87%-92% in epidemiological studies	Lifetime rates: SAD 5%-52%, GAD 30%-42%, PTSD 16% -39%, OCD 17%-21,% PD 21%
Jolin et al[58], 2008	Mean prevalence 14%-77%% in childhood and adolescent BD	Mean prevalence: SEP ANX 18%-22%, PHOBIA 4%-11%, PD 3%-11%, OCD 3%
Joshi et al[59], 2009	Prevalence in adults and children 12%-76%	Prevalence OCD 15-35%
Sagman et al[60], 2009	Lifetime rate 50%-65%; current rate 30%
Simon[61], 2009	Lifetime rate 51%	Lifetime rate GAD 18%
Bowden[62], 2010	Lifetime rate 92%
Saunders et al[4], 2010	Lifetime rate 65%	Lifetime rate OCD 21%
Andrade-Nascimento et al[63], 2012		Current 15% and lifetime prevalence 16% of GAD in euthymic patients
Jana et al[64], 2012		Mean prevalence of OCD 0%-54% in childhood and adolescent BD
McIntyre et al[65], 2012	Lifetime rate 63%-87%
Perugi et al[66], 2012	Lifetime rate 30%-93%; current rate 30%	Lifetime rate SP PHOBIA 67%, PD 33%
Cazard et al[67], 2013	Mean prevalence 5%-33%	Mean prevalence: SOC PHOBIA 0.5%-47%, PTSD 2%-44%, GAD 3%-42%, OCD 1%-14%
Amerio et al[68], 2015	Mean prevalence 50%	OCD 17%-18%
Chang et al[69], 2016	Lifetime rate 51%-90%; current rate 31%
Ketter[23], 2015	Lifetime prevalence mean 48% (range 17%-79%)
Shi[70], 2015		Prevalence rate of OCD in BD 11%-21%
Tonna et al[71], 2015		Prevalence rate of OCD in BD 21%

BD: Bipolar disorder; BP I: Bipolar disorder subtype I; BP II: Bipolar disorder subtype II; AGORA: Agoraphobia; GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder; OCD: Obsessive compulsive disorder; PD: Panic disorder; PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder; SAD: Social anxiety disorder; SEP ANX: Separation anxiety disorder; SOC PHOBIA: Social phobia; SP PHOBIA: Specific phobia.