Neural mechanisms and circuit foundations of conscious and unconscious dysfunction in schizophrenia

Table 3 Unconscious and preattentive functions in schizophrenia

Ref.	Domain	Main features described in the review	Neural/circuit systems discussed
[7,8,10,18,30,31,42]	Subliminal processing	Relative preservation in selected paradigms	Local sensory and perceptual processing systems
[1,25,26,68]	Sensory gating	Reduced inhibitory filtering of repetitive or redundant input	Auditory cortex, hippocampal-prefrontal circuitry, thalamocortical pathways
[1,25,68,69]	Habituation	Reduced attenuation to repeated sensory stimulation	Sensory cortices, inhibitory networks, thalamocortical systems
[1,26,29,70]	Mismatch negativity	Reduced MMN amplitude and altered automatic deviance detection	Primary auditory cortex and related predictive networks
[4,71,72]	Predictive coding at preattentive level	Altered prediction-error processing and vocalization-related predictive coding	Auditory and action-related predictive systems
[16,64,75]	Implicit social/affective processing	Altered responses to socially or emotionally salient stimuli outside explicit report	Amygdala, insula, frontal regions, fusiform and related systems
[7]	Unconscious motivational processing	Preserved unconscious motivational effects in a specific paradigm	Motivation-related processing without explicit awareness
[60,76,83,95]	Resting-state intrinsic activity	Altered baseline large-scale organization reflecting ongoing unconscious neural processes	Resting-state whole-brain functional architecture

MMN: Mismatch negativity.