Neural mechanisms and circuit foundations of conscious and unconscious dysfunction in schizophrenia

Table 2 Conscious functions in schizophrenia: Domains and neural systems

Ref.	Functional domain	Main features described in the review	Neural systems discussed
[8,10,15,19,42,43,63]	Conscious access	Elevated threshold for reportable perception, impaired explicit access	Prefrontal-parietal workspace systems, access-related cortical dynamics
[15,61,63]	Explicit memory retrieval	Reduced recollection accuracy, increased reaction time, disproportionate frontal recruitment	DLPFC, VLPFC, hippocampal-prefrontal circuitry
[38,61,62]	Reality monitoring/self-monitoring	Altered explicit monitoring of internally generated information and performance	ACC, medial frontal systems, prefrontal control circuitry
[39,54,61,64]	Conscious social cognition	Altered theory of mind, self-other distinction, explicit social interpretation	mPFC, TPJ, anterior insula, ACC, control/salience systems
[65,75]	Conscious emotion processing	Altered explicit emotional-network engagement and transdiagnostic comparison	Frontal-limbic and large-scale emotion-related systems
[9,12,77,85]	Stream of consciousness/self-related continuity	Fragmented continuity and altered temporal integration	Large-scale temporal organization, self-related network interactions

ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; mPFC: Medial prefrontal cortex; TPJ: Temporoparietal junction; VLPFC: Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.