Sleep disturbance and inflammatory markers associated with post-stroke depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment

doi:10.5498/wjp.119902

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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World J Psychiatry. Sep 19, 2026; 16(9): 119902
Published online Sep 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.119902

Table 4 Univariate analysis of factors associated with post-stroke depression, post-stroke anxiety, and post-stroke cognitive impairment

Variables	PSD		PSA		PSCI
Variables	t/χ²/Z	P value	t/χ²/Z	P value	t/χ²/Z	P value
Age	-0.965	0.336	0.284	0.777	0.320	0.750
Sex	0.855	0.355	0.492	0.483	1.109	0.292
Stroke type	0.442	0.506	0.050	0.824	3.690	0.055
NIHSS score	-0.703	0.482	-1.861	0.063	-1.600	0.110
CRP	-2.150	0.032	-2.253	0.024	-0.215	0.829
IL-6	-2.118	0.034	-2.017	0.044	-2.486	0.013
TNF-α	-1.133	0.257	-1.477	0.140	-3.676	0.000
NLR	-3.355	0.001	-2.322	0.020	-2.785	0.005
Hypertension	0.010	0.919	0.003	0.958	0.038	0.845
Diabetes mellitus	0.734	0.392	0.605	0.437	2.093	0.148
Cardiovascular disease	2.321	0.128	1.775	0.183	0.502	0.478
Sleep disturbance	4.638	0.031	3.984	0.046	5.290	0.021

PSD: Post-stroke depression; PSA: Post-stroke anxiety; PSCI: Post-stroke cognitive impairment; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.

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Citation: Zhao ZG, Qian C, Zhu HJ, Xu ZY. Sleep disturbance and inflammatory markers associated with post-stroke depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(9): 119902
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i9/119902.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.119902

Zhao ZG, Qian C, Zhu HJ, Xu ZY. Sleep disturbance and inflammatory markers associated with post-stroke depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(9): 119902 [DOI: 10.5498/wjp.119902]

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