Sleep disturbance and inflammatory markers associated with post-stroke depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment

Table 3 Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics in patients with stroke who have sleep disturbances vs those who do not, n (%)

Characteristics	Sleep disturbance (PSQI > 5, n = 96)	Non-sleep disturbance (PSQI ≤ 5, n = 64)	t/χ2/Z	P value
Age, years, mean ± SD	61.00 ± 9.77	64.09 ± 10.93	-1.871	0.063
Sex			0.317	0.573
Male	35 (36.46)	27 (42.19)
Female	61 (63.54)	37 (57.81)
Stroke type			0.709	0.400
Ischemic stroke	76 (79.17)	47 (73.44)
Hemorrhagic stroke	20 (20.83)	17 (26.56)
NIHSS score, median (IQR)	5 (4, 7)	4 (3, 6)	-1.905	0.057
Comorbidities
Hypertension	60 (62.50)	37 (57.81)	0.353	0.552
Diabetes mellitus	27 (28.13)	20 (31.25)	0.181	0.671
Cardiovascular disease	25 (26.04)	17 (26.56)	0.005	0.942
Acute-phase inflammatory markers, median (IQR)
CRP, mg/L	8.44 (6.77, 13.51)	8.49 (6.57, 14.92)	-0.233	0.815
IL-6, pg/mL	8.67 (7.09, 10.23)	7.87 (6.26, 10.59)	-1.118	0.264
TNF-α, pg/mL	9.85 (8.51, 11.27)	9.19 (7.16, 11.19)	-1.027	0.304
NLR	2.67 (2.30, 3.94)	2.65 (2.15, 3.52)	-0.998	0.318
PSD (HAMD-17 ≥ 7)	33 (34.38)	12 (18.75)	4.638	0.031
PSA (HAMA ≥ 7)	30 (31.25)	11 (17.19)	3.984	0.046
PSCI (MoCA < 26)	46 (47.92)	19 (29.69)	5.290	0.021

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; IQR: Interquartile range; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PSD: Post-stroke depression; PSA: Post-stroke anxiety; PSCI: Post-stroke cognitive impairment; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; HAMD-17: 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment.