Post-traumatic sleep disturbance and psychological distress after chest trauma: A five-year observational study of incidence, predictors, recovery outcomes

Table 4 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of predictors for persistent sleep disturbance at 12 months after injury

Variable	Univariate OR (95%CI)	P value	Multivariate OR (95%CI)	P value
Age ≥ 50 years	2.18 (1.12-4.24)	0.022	1.68 (0.78-3.62)	0.186
Male sex	0.73 (0.32-1.67)	0.459	-	-
ISS ≥ 16	4.42 (2.18-8.96)	< 0.001	3.24 (1.58-6.64)	0.001
Rib fractures ≥ 4	4.38 (2.12-9.04)	< 0.001	2.87 (1.42-5.81)	0.003
Flail chest	2.79 (1.04-7.52)	0.042	1.42 (0.48-4.21)	0.528
Pneumothorax	1.86 (0.92-3.76)	0.084	1.24 (0.56-2.75)	0.596
Pulmonary contusion	2.14 (1.08-4.24)	0.029	1.38 (0.64-2.98)	0.412
ICU admission	3.42 (1.68-6.96)	0.001	1.56 (0.68-3.58)	0.294
Baseline IES-R ≥ 24	11.67 (3.38-40.26)	< 0.001	4.15 (1.96-8.79)	< 0.001
Baseline PSQI > 10	3.86 (1.84-8.10)	< 0.001	1.72 (0.74-4.00)	0.208

Variables with P < 0.10 in univariate analysis were entered into the multivariate model. Model performance: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.82 (95% confidence interval: 0.74-0.89); Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.64. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; ISS: Injury Severity Score; ICU: Intensive care unit; IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.