Post-traumatic sleep disturbance and psychological distress after chest trauma: A five-year observational study of incidence, predictors, recovery outcomes

Table 3 Comparison between patients with and without persistent sleep disturbance at the 12-month follow-up visit, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	Persistent sleep disturbance (n = 44)	No persistent sleep disturbance (n = 84)	P value
Demographics
Age, years	53.2 ± 13.8	46.4 ± 14.0	0.012
Male	32 (72.7)	66 (78.6)	0.459
Injury characteristics
ISS	18.7 ± 7.2	12.4 ± 5.8	< 0.001
ISS ≥ 16	24 (54.5)	18 (21.4)	< 0.001
Number of rib fractures	5.8 ± 2.4	3.6 ± 1.9	< 0.001
Four or more rib fractures	28 (63.6)	24 (28.6)	< 0.001
Flail chest	10 (22.7)	8 (9.5)	0.037
Hospital course
ICU admission	22 (50.0)	19 (22.6)	0.002
Hospital LOS, days	18.9 ± 9.4	12.6 ± 7.2	< 0.001
Baseline psychological measures
PSQI score	14.6 ± 3.2	11.9 ± 3.6	< 0.001
IES-R score	46.8 ± 12.4	34.2 ± 13.6	< 0.001
IES-R ≥ 24	42 (95.5)	54 (64.3)	< 0.001
12-month outcomes
PSQI score	8.42 ± 2.14	3.94 ± 1.86	< 0.001
HADS-A score	9.82 ± 3.41	5.63 ± 2.18	< 0.001
HADS-D score	8.45 ± 2.97	4.82 ± 2.05	< 0.001
IES-R total score	34.6 ± 12.8	18.4 ± 9.6	< 0.001
Return to work	26 (59.1)	72 (85.7)	< 0.001
Chronic pain	32 (72.7)	26 (31.0)	< 0.001

ISS: Injury Severity Score; ICU: Intensive care unit; LOS: Length of stay; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale.