Post-traumatic sleep disturbance and psychological distress after chest trauma: A five-year observational study of incidence, predictors, recovery outcomes

Table 2 Trajectory of sleep quality and psychological measures over 12 months of follow-up, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	Baseline	Discharge	3 months	6 months	12 months	P value
PSQI global score	12.84 ± 3.72	9.67 ± 3.45	7.23 ± 3.18	6.14 ± 2.89	5.47 ± 2.65	< 0.001
PSQI > 5	114 (89.1)	92 (71.9)	70 (54.7)	54 (42.2)	44 (34.4)	< 0.001
HADS-A score	10.24 ± 3.86	8.56 ± 3.42	7.12 ± 3.15	6.34 ± 2.87	6.08 ± 2.74	< 0.001
HADS-A ≥ 8	86 (67.2)	72 (56.3)	52 (40.6)	42 (32.8)	37 (28.9)	< 0.001
HADS-D score	8.42 ± 3.54	7.18 ± 3.12	5.86 ± 2.78	5.24 ± 2.56	5.12 ± 2.48	< 0.001
HADS-D ≥ 8	68 (53.1)	56 (43.8)	38 (29.7)	32 (25.0)	29 (22.7)	< 0.001
IES-R total score	38.6 ± 14.2	32.4 ± 12.8	26.8 ± 11.4	23.2 ± 10.6	21.4 ± 10.2	< 0.001
IES-R ≥ 24	96 (75.0)	82 (64.1)	58 (45.3)	46 (35.9)	39 (30.5)	< 0.001
IES-R ≥ 33	72 (56.3)	51 (39.8)	34 (26.6)	26 (20.3)	23 (18.0)	< 0.001
Pain NRS score	6.8 ± 1.9	4.2 ± 1.6	2.8 ± 1.4	2.1 ± 1.2	1.6 ± 1.1	< 0.001

P values were derived from repeated measures analysis of variance or Cochran’s Q test. PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale; IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised; NRS: Numeric Rating Scale.