Post-traumatic sleep disturbance and psychological distress after chest trauma: A five-year observational study of incidence, predictors, recovery outcomes

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants (n = 128), n (%)

Variable	Value
Demographics
Age, year (mean ± SD)	48.7 ± 14.2
Male	98 (76.6)
BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)	24.3 ± 3.6
Current smoker	46 (35.9)
CCI (median, IQR)	1 (0-2)
Mechanism of injury
Motor vehicle accident	80 (62.5)
Fall from height	28 (21.9)
Occupational injury	14 (10.9)
Other	6 (4.7)
Injury characteristics
ISS (median, IQR)	14 (9-21)
ISS ≥ 16	42 (32.8)
AIS thorax score (median, IQR)	3 (3-4)
Number of rib fractures (median, IQR)	4 (2-6)
Four or more rib fractures	52 (40.6)
Bilateral rib fractures	38 (29.7)
Flail chest	18 (14.1)
Associated thoracic injuries
Pneumothorax	75 (58.6)
Hemothorax	44 (34.4)
Pulmonary contusion	58 (45.3)
Sternal fracture	12 (9.4)
Treatment and hospital course
Tube drainage of the chest	68 (53.1)
Surgical rib fixation	22 (17.2)
ICU admission	41 (32.0)
ICU LOS, days (median, IQR)	5 (3-9)
Hospital LOS, days (mean ± SD)	14.8 ± 8.6

BMI: Body mass index; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; ISS: Injury Severity Score; IQR: Interquartile range; AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale; ICU: Intensive care unit; LOS: Length of stay.