Combined transcranial direct current and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for adolescent non-suicidal self-injury

Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics among three groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	Combination group (n = 86)	rTMS group (n = 92)	Control group (n = 78)	F/χ2	P value
Gender (male/female)	22/64	25/67	18/60	0.486	0.784
Age (years)	15.4 ± 1.7	15.2 ± 1.8	15.6 ± 1.6	1.125	0.326
Illness duration (months)	19.2 ± 9.6	18.5 ± 10.2	20.1 ± 9.8	0.625	0.536
NSSI onset age (years)	13.1 ± 1.4	13.3 ± 1.5	13.0 ± 1.6	0.862	0.424
Self-injury frequency (times/month)	8.5 ± 4.2	8.2 ± 4.5	8.8 ± 4.0	0.456	0.635
Primary self-injury method				0.562	0.755
Cutting	62 (72.1)	68 (73.9)	55 (70.5)
Other	24 (27.9)	24 (26.1)	23 (29.5)
Comorbid depression	52 (60.5)	54 (58.7)	45 (57.7)	0.142	0.932
Comorbid anxiety disorder	35 (40.7)	38 (41.3)	30 (38.5)	0.152	0.927
Childhood trauma history	48 (55.8)	50 (54.3)	42 (53.8)	0.068	0.967
Previous psychotherapy history	28 (32.6)	30 (32.6)	24 (30.8)	0.076	0.963
SHI score (points)	29.5 ± 7.2	28.8 ± 6.8	29.2 ± 7.0	0.225	0.799
BDI-II score (points)	27.2 ± 8.5	26.5 ± 8.2	27.0 ± 8.8	0.168	0.845
BAI score (points)	25.6 ± 7.8	24.8 ± 7.5	25.2 ± 8.0	0.245	0.783
BIS-11 score (points)	73.5 ± 11.2	72.8 ± 10.8	74.2 ± 11.5	0.358	0.699
DERS score (points)	110.5 ± 19.2	108.6 ± 18.5	111.2 ± 20.1	0.425	0.654
CTQ score (points)	48.6 ± 12.5	47.8 ± 11.8	49.2 ± 12.2	0.298	0.743

CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; rTMS: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; SHI: Self-Harm Inventory; BIS-11: Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory-II; DERS: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; NSSI: Non-suicidal self-injury.