Emotion regulation and mental health in college students during coronavirus pandemic lockdowns

Table 1 Synthesis of mental health outcomes among college students during coronavirus disease 2019 lockdowns (expanded)

Ref.	Country/region	Sample size	Key findings (prevalence/predictors)	Notable ER/coping factors examined
Zhao et al[4]	China	494	Depression: 65.0%; anxiety: 69.4%; stress: 50.8%	Compensatory spending (β = 0.13-0.19), binge eating (β = 0.14-0.19), recreational activities (β = -0.25 to -0.30) as key ER habits
Cao et al[2]	China	7143	Anxiety: 24.9% (mild: 21.3%; moderate: 2.7%; severe: 0.9%)	Family instability and economic concerns as major stressors
Liu et al[11]	United States	898	Depression: 43.5%; anxiety: 45.4%	COVID-19 exposure, financial stress, weak social support
Browning et al[13]	United States	1621	Significant increases in depression/anxiety from pre-pandemic baseline	Loneliness was the strongest predictor; coping through substance use was a risk factor
Li et al[14]	China	746217	Approximately 35% experienced psychological distress	Poor sleep quality and family relationships were major correlates
Pfefferbaum and North[15]	Review	N/A	Summarized acute and chronic stress responses in youth	Highlighted disruption of routines and uncertainty as key mediators
Aristovnik et al[16]	62 countries	31212 students	High levels of anxiety (37.5%) and depression (33.6%)	Academic stress, isolation, and concerns about academic future were top stressors

ER: Emotion regulation; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; N/A: Not applicable.